{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:03:38Z","timestamp":1787738618265,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31672465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31672465"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated the potential effects of adding acidifiers to the drinking water on the growth performance, complete blood count, antioxidant indicators, and diversity of gastrointestinal microbiota for weaned pigs. A total of 400 weaned pigs were randomly divided into four treatments. Pigs were fed the same basal diet and given either water (no acidifier was added, control) or water plus blends of different formulas of acidifiers (acidifier A1, A2, or A3) for 35 days. On d 18 and 35 of the experimental period, 64 pigs (four pigs per pen) were randomly selected to collect blood for a CBC test (n = 128) and an antioxidant indicators test (n = 128); 24 pigs (six pigs per group) were randomly selected to collect fresh feces (n = 48) from the rectum for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Compared to the control, supplementing the drinking water with acidifiers improved the growth performance and survival rate of weaned pigs. Acidifier groups also increased serum catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) activities, while also displaying a decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration compared to the control. The relative abundance of Firmicutes in the acidifier A1 group was greater than that in the control group (p &lt; 0.05) on d 35; the relative abundance of Lactobacillus in the acidifier A1 group was greater than that in the control group (p &lt; 0.05) on d 18 and 35. The microbial species Subdoligranulum or Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 had significantly positive correlations with ADG and ADFI or with serum antioxidant indicators, respectively. These findings suggest that supplementing the drinking water with an acidifier has a potential as an antioxidant, which was reflected in the improvement of growth performance, immunity, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal flora.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11050809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]],"date-time":"2022-04-22T05:07:22Z","timestamp":1650604042000},"page":"809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Drinking Water Supplemented with Acidifiers Improves the Growth Performance of Weaned Pigs and Potentially Regulates Antioxidant Capacity, Immunity, and Gastrointestinal Microbiota Diversity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Qing-Lei","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Jian","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yantai Jinhai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai 265323, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xian-Le","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Zheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Bai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2857-8536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Xin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yantai Jinhai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai 265323, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-016-0049-7","article-title":"Factors for improving reproductive performance of sows and herd productivity in commercial breeding herds","volume":"3","author":"Koketsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Porc. Health Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3089.2004.00196.x","article-title":"Early weaning of piglets fails to exclude porcine lymphotropic herpesvirus","volume":"12","author":"Mueller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Xenotransplantation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-1891-4-19","article-title":"The biological stress of early weaned piglets","volume":"4","author":"Campbell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.06.003","article-title":"Weaning stress and gastrointestinal barrier development: Implications for lifelong gut health in pigs","volume":"3","author":"Moeser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02011","article-title":"Yeast Probiotics Shape the Gut Microbiome and Improve the Health of Early-Weaned Piglets","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hung, D.Y., Cheng, Y.H., Chen, W.J., Hua, K.F., Pietruszka, A., Dybus, A., Lin, C.S., and Yu, Y.H. (2019). Bacillus licheniformis-Fermented Products Reduce Diarrhea Incidence and Alter the Fecal Microbiota Community in Weaning Piglets. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9121145"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G59","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00213.2013","article-title":"Antibiotics modulate intestinal immunity and prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm neonatal piglets","volume":"306","author":"Jensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601394","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.601394","article-title":"The Effects of Feeding Antibiotic on the Intestinal Microbiota of Weanling Pigs","volume":"8","author":"Lourenco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skaa112","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa112","article-title":"Effects of dietary microencapsulated tannic acid supplementation on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, and intestinal microbiota in weaning piglets","volume":"98","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, H., Yu, B., Degroote, J., Spranghers, T., Van Noten, N., Majdeddin, M., Van Poucke, M., Peelman, L., De Vrieze, J., and Boon, N. (2020). Antibiotic affects the gut microbiota composition and expression of genes related to lipid metabolism and myofiber types in skeletal muscle of piglets. BMC Vet. Res., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02592-0"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manyi-Loh, C., Mamphweli, S., Meyer, E., and Okoh, A. (2018). Antibiotic Use in Agriculture and Its Consequential Resistance in Environmental Sources: Potential Public Health Implications. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23040795"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, M., He, X., Feng, Y., Wang, W., Chen, H., Gong, M., Liu, D., Clarke, J.L., and van Eerde, A. (2021). Pollution by Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance in LiveStock and Poultry Manure in China, and Countermeasures. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10050539"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-015-0042-z","article-title":"A review of the effects of dietary organic acids fed to swine","volume":"6","author":"Suiryanrayna","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1093\/japr\/11.4.453","article-title":"Use of organic acids as a model to study the impact of gut microflora on nutrition and metabolism","volume":"11","author":"Dibner","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2018.01.007","article-title":"Non-antibiotic feed additives in diets for pigs: A review","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skx078","article-title":"Dietary chlorogenic acid improves growth performance of weaned pigs through maintaining antioxidant capacity and intestinal digestion and absorption function","volume":"96","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4968","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO01126E","article-title":"Dietary chlorogenic acid supplementation affects gut morphology, antioxidant capacity and intestinal selected bacterial populations in weaned piglets","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-020-00496-5","article-title":"Tannic acid prevents post-weaning diarrhea by improving intestinal barrier integrity and function in weaned piglets","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.2527\/2005.8361287x","article-title":"Feed physical form and formic acid addition to the feed affect the gastrointestinal ecology and growth performance of growing pigs","volume":"83","author":"Canibe","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-021-01228-2","article-title":"Effects of organic acid, Enterococcus faecalis strain EC-12 and sugar cane extract in feed against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-induced diarrhea in pigs","volume":"11","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Amb. Express"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab054.141","article-title":"The Impacts of Commercial Dietary Acidifiers on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs","volume":"99","author":"Dahmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab054.039","article-title":"Effect of Adding Bioactive Peptide in Combination of Pharmaceutical Zinc Oxide or Organic Acids on Growth Performance, Hematology Profile, and Nutrient Digestibility in Nursery Pigs","volume":"99","author":"Mudarra","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3528","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0889","article-title":"How does live yeast differ from sodium bicarbonate to stabilize ruminal pH in high-yielding dairy cows?","volume":"91","author":"Marden","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skab307","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab307","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acid administration via water acidifier improves feed efficiency and modulates fecal microbiota in weaned piglets","volume":"99","author":"Lingbeek","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-021-01299-1","article-title":"Effect of organic acids on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and immunity of broiler chickens with and without coccidial challenge","volume":"11","author":"Mustafa","year":"2021","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2008.01172.x","article-title":"Effect of organic acids in drinking water during the last 2 weeks prior to slaughter on Salmonella shedding by slaughter pigs and contamination of carcasses","volume":"56","author":"Dewulf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuley, E., Ozyurt, G., Ozogul, I., Boga, M., Akyol, I., Rocha, J.M., and Ozogul, F. (2020). The Role of Selected Lactic Acid Bacteria on Organic Acid Accumulation during Wet and Spray-Dried Fish-based Silages. Contributions to the Winning Combination of Microbial Food Safety and Environmental Sustainability. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8020172"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10838","article-title":"Dietary stevioside supplementation increases feed intake by altering the hypothalamic transcriptome profile and gut microbiota in broiler chickens","volume":"101","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food. Agric."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO01883A","article-title":"Effect of dietary stevioside supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum parameters, and intestinal microflora in broilers","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11745","article-title":"Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and bacterial diversity in corn silage contaminated with the pathogen and treated with chemical or microbial additives","volume":"100","author":"Ogunade","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2010.11.016","article-title":"Intra- and inter-observer agreement when using a descriptive classification scale for clinical assessment of faecal consistency in growing pigs","volume":"98","author":"Pedersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2","volume":"37","author":"Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D633","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1244","article-title":"Ribosomal Database Project: Data and tools for high throughput rRNA analysis","volume":"42","author":"Cole","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8228","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.12.8228-8235.2005","article-title":"UniFrac: A new phylogenetic method for comparing microbial communities","volume":"71","author":"Lozupone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.2478\/aoas-2020-0088","article-title":"The Effects and Mechanisms of Acids on the Health of Piglets and Weaners\u2014A Review","volume":"21","author":"Nowak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2008.01.001","article-title":"Characterization of ileal bacterial microbiota in newly-weaned pigs in response to feeding lincomycin, organic acids or herbal extract","volume":"116","author":"Gong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky426","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation with essential oils and organic acids on the growth performance, immune system, fecal volatile fatty acids, and microflora community in weaned piglets","volume":"97","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-12-210","article-title":"Effect of organic acids on Salmonella colonization and shedding in weaned piglets in a seeder model","volume":"75","author":"Michiels","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2007.01069.x","article-title":"Effect of acidified feed on the prevalence of Salmonella in market-age pigs","volume":"54","author":"Creus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1053\/rvsc.2001.0476","article-title":"The effect of organic acids on the control of porcine post-weaning diarrhoea","volume":"70","author":"Tsiloyiannis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2013.13411","article-title":"Comparison of Single and Blend Acidifiers as Alternative to Antibiotics on Growth Performance, Fecal Microflora, and Humoral Immunity in Weaned Piglets","volume":"27","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Austral. J. Anim."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mou, Q., Yang, H.S., Yin, Y.L., and Huang, P.F. (2019). Amino Acids Influencing Intestinal Development and Health of the Piglets. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9060302"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1807.07026","article-title":"Growth Performance and Post-Weaning Diarrhea in Piglets Fed a Diet Supplemented with Probiotic Complexes","volume":"28","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/age.12522","article-title":"Genomic investigation of piglet resilience following porcine epidemic diarrhea outbreaks","volume":"48","author":"Bertolini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Genet."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2006.12.006","article-title":"The influence of fat protection of calcium formate on growth and intestinal defence in Escherichia coli K88-challenged weanling pigs","volume":"139","author":"Bosi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1017\/S175173111400192X","article-title":"Growing pigs\u2019 drinking behaviour: Number of visits, duration, water intake and diurnal variation","volume":"8","author":"Andersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong, X., Shen, C., Chen, R., Gao, S., Liu, X., Schinckel, A.P., and Zhou, B. (2019). Reestablishment of Social Hierarchies in Weaned Pigs after Mixing. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10010036"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00382","article-title":"Nrf2 as a Potential Mediator of Cardiovascular Risk in Metabolic Diseases","volume":"10","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599735","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.599735","article-title":"Ulva prolifera Extract Alleviates Intestinal Oxidative Stress via Nrf2 Signaling in Weaned Piglets Challenged With Hydrogen Peroxide","volume":"11","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00046","article-title":"Nutritional Intervention for the Intestinal Development and Health of Weaned Pigs","volume":"6","author":"Xiong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731119002829","article-title":"Tissue-specific profiling reveals modulation of cellular and mitochondrial oxidative stress in normal- and low-birthweight piglets throughout the peri-weaning period","volume":"14","author":"Novais","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00694","article-title":"Weaning Alters Intestinal Gene Expression Involved in Nutrient Metabolism by Shaping Gut Microbiota in Pigs","volume":"11","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skaa012","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa012","article-title":"Ingestion of organic acids and cinnamaldehyde improves tissue homeostasis of piglets exposed to enterotoxic Escherichia coli (ETEC)","volume":"98","author":"Jimenez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiang, X.D., Deng, Z.C., Wang, Y.W., Sun, H., Wang, L., Han, Y.M., Wu, Y.Y., Liu, J.G., and Sun, L.H. (2021). Organic Acids Improve Growth Performance with Potential Regulation of Redox Homeostasis, Immunity, and Microflora in Intestines of Weaned Piglets. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10111665"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7122","DOI":"10.1039\/C8SC01839A","article-title":"Antibody-nucleotide conjugate as a substrate for DNA polymerases","volume":"9","author":"Balintova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"12984","article-title":"ELISA-Based Method for Variant-Independent Detection of Total Microcystins and Nodularins via a Multi-immunogen Approach","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.01.031","article-title":"Development of indirect competitive ELISA for determination of dehydroabietic acid in duck skin and comparison with the HPLC method","volume":"99","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638717693883","article-title":"Analytical validation of an automated assay for ferric-reducing ability of plasma in dog serum","volume":"29","author":"Rubio","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1996.0292","article-title":"The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of \u201cantioxidant power\u201d: The FRAP assay","volume":"239","author":"Benzie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-018-0308-3","article-title":"Piglet gut microbial shifts early in life: Causes and effects","volume":"10","author":"Guevarra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0433-9","article-title":"Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease","volume":"19","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.0c00745","article-title":"Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolite Signature in Suckling and Weaned Piglets","volume":"20","author":"Beaumont","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01374-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.01374-20","article-title":"Dietary Fiber Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intestinal Barrier Function Damage in Piglets by Modulation of Intestinal Microbiome","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Msystems"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.04.006","article-title":"Effect of administration of organic acids in drinking water on faecal shedding of E. coli, performance parameters and health in nursery pigs","volume":"188","author":"Dewulf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.2573","article-title":"Perturbations in Gut Microbiota Composition in Psychiatric Disorders: A Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"78","author":"Nikolova","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02286","article-title":"Yeasts of Burden: Exploring the Mycobiome-Bacteriome of the Piglet GI Tract","volume":"10","author":"Arfken","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01509","article-title":"Amish (Rural) vs. non-Amish (Urban) Infant Fecal Microbiotas Are Highly Diverse and Their Transplantation Lead to Differences in Mucosal Immune Maturation in a Humanized Germfree Piglet Model","volume":"10","author":"Dhakal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15534","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52045-4","article-title":"Exploring possible associations of the intestine bacterial microbiome with the pre-weaned weight gaining performance of piglets in intensive pig production","volume":"9","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.18.0517","article-title":"Mixed organic acids improve nutrients digestibility, volatile fatty acids composition and intestinal microbiota in growing-finishing pigs fed high-fiber diet","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.02.104","article-title":"Ubiquitous and persistent Proteobacteria and other Gram-negative bacteria in drinking water","volume":"586","author":"Nunes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2015.06.011","article-title":"Proteobacteria: Microbial signature of dysbiosis in gut microbiota","volume":"33","author":"Shin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2019.1688250","article-title":"Lactobacillus fermentum: A bacterial species with potential for food preservation and biomedical applications","volume":"60","author":"Naghmouchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.13111","article-title":"Effects of organic acid and medium chain fatty acid blends on the performance of sows and their piglets","volume":"89","author":"Lan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei, L.F., Wang, Z.B., Li, J.Z., Yang, H.S., Yin, Y.L., Tan, B., and Chen, J.S. (2021). Comparative Microbial Profiles of Colonic Digesta between Ningxiang Pig and Large White Pig. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11071862"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752102","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.752102","article-title":"Multiomics Study Reveals Enterococcus and Subdoligranulum Are Beneficial to Necrotizing Enterocolitis","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.049","article-title":"Sleep Loss Can Cause Death through Accumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Gut","volume":"181","author":"Vaccaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3078","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-20838","article-title":"Growth performance, digestibility, blood metabolites, ruminal fermentation, and bacterial communities in response to the inclusion of gallic acid in the starter feed of preweaning dairy calves","volume":"105","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, W.Y., Chou, P.L., Yang, J.C., and Chien, C.T. (2021). Silicon-containing water intake confers antioxidant effect, gastrointestinal protection, and gut microbiota modulation in the rodents. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248508"}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/11\/5\/809\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:58:25Z","timestamp":1760137105000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/11\/5\/809"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox11050809"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox11050809","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]}}}