{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T13:23:37Z","timestamp":1791206617387,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]],"date-time":"2022-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The intensification of oxidative stress and destabilization of the antioxidative defenses of an organism is a consequence of many environmental factors. We considered aspects conditioning male reproductive potential and the functionality of enzymatic antioxidative mechanisms, i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR), and their correlations with Li, Be, B, Na, Mg, Al, P, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Ba, Hg, Tl, Pb, and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as genetic polymorphism IL-4v.C589T (rs2243250) in men with infertility (n = 76). A healthy normozoospermic control (n = 87) was also used. We assessed the impact of negative changes driven by oxidative stress on enzymatic antioxidative mechanisms as well as the role of MDA in the overall process. On this basis, we infer connections between disturbances in enzymatic antioxidative defense and reproductive potential. Based on a molecular analysis of the polymorphism of gene IL-4v.C589T (rs2243250) (chromosome 5) (PCR-RFLP), we considered the relationships among particular genotypes with the possibility of occurrence of male infertility. Concentrations of chemical elements were measured in the blood. The activity of antioxidants and MDA levels were measured in serum. In the infertile group, higher GPx activity was noted (6.56 nmoL\u00b7min\u22121\u00b7mL\u22121, control: 4.31 nmoL\u00b7min\u22121\u00b7mL\u22121; p = 0.004), while GR achieved a greater level in the control (17.74 nmoL\u00b7min\u22121\u00b7mL\u22121, infertile: 15.97 nmoL\u00b7min\u22121\u00b7mL\u22121, p = 0.043), which implies diversified efficiency of the first and second lines of defense. The polymorphism of IL-4v.C589T (rs2243250) was not directly connected with infertility because there were not any differences in the frequency of genotypes between the infertile and control group (p = 0.578). An analysis of genotypes CC and TT (polymorphism IL-4v.C589T (rs2243250)) indicated numerous correlations between antioxidants, chemical elements and MDA. Therefore, chemical economy, antioxidative defense and genetic conditions are connected and jointly shape male reproductive potential. Chemical elements influence antioxidative defense and male fertility; the most important modulators appeared to be Na, Ba, Al and B. The polymorphism of gene IL-4v.C589T (rs2243250) has a limited influence on antioxidative defense and the metabolism of chemical elements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11050817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]],"date-time":"2022-04-23T08:14:06Z","timestamp":1650701646000},"page":"817","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Enzymatic Antioxidant Defense and Polymorphic Changes in Male Infertility"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6698-5525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u0119drzej","family":"Baszy\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, M. Sk\u0142odowska-Curie St. 9, PL 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1978-6018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Kami\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, M. Sk\u0142odowska-Curie St. 9, PL 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, Prof. Z. Szafran St. 1, PL 65-516 Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Bogdzi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, UTP University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, Hetma\u0144ska St. 33, PL 85-039 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Mroczkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, UTP University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, Hetma\u0144ska St. 33, PL 85-039 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Szyma\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women's Health and Reproductive Medicine, CM UMK, 10th Military Clinical Hospital and Polyclinic, IPHC, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Warszawy Street 5, 85-681 Bydgoszcz, Poland"},{"name":"NZOZ Medical Center Co., Waleniowa St. 24, PL 85-435 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Wasilow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NZOZ Medical Center Co., Waleniowa St. 24, PL 85-435 Bydgoszcz, Poland"},{"name":"Family Medicine Clinic, University Hospital No. 2, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, Ujejski St. 75, PL 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Stanek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, M. Sk\u0142odowska-Curie St. 9, PL 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Ho\u0142derna-Bona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, M. Sk\u0142odowska-Curie St. 9, PL 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylwia","family":"Brodzka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, M. Sk\u0142odowska-Curie St. 9, PL 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5197-4281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Bilski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, M. Kar\u0142owicz St. 24, PL 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halyna","family":"Tkachenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Pomeranian University in S\u0142upsk, K. Arciszewski St. 22 B, PL 76-200 S\u0142upsk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4669-1092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Kurhaluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Pomeranian University in S\u0142upsk, K. Arciszewski St. 22 B, PL 76-200 S\u0142upsk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Stuczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Structure, Institute of Soil and Plant Cultivation-Government Scientific Institute, Czartoryskich St. 8, PL 24-100 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics Informatics and Landscape Architecture, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantyn\u00f3w 1 H, PL 20-708 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Lorek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, M. Sk\u0142odowska-Curie St. 9, PL 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4492-4796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Wo\u017aniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, M. Kar\u0142owicz St. 24, PL 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Causes of male infertility: A 9-year prospective monocentre study on 1737 patients with reduced total sperm counts","volume":"32","author":"Punab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. 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