{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T15:43:56Z","timestamp":1789055036402,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":205,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019R1F1A1054111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1F1A1054111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science, and Tech-nology","award":["2018R1D1A1B07049918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1D1A1B07049918"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a severe metabolic syndrome linked with acute\/chronic hepatic disorders. HE is also a pernicious neuropsychiatric complication associated with cognitive decline, coma, and death. Limited therapies are available to treat HE, which is formidable to oversee in the clinic. Thus, determining a novel therapeutic approach is essential. The pathogenesis of HE has not been well established. According to various scientific reports, neuropathological symptoms arise due to excessive accumulation of ammonia, which is transported to the brain via the blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB), triggering oxidative stress and inflammation, and disturbing neuronal-glial functions. The treatment of HE involves eliminating hyperammonemia by enhancing the ammonia scavenging mechanism in systemic blood circulation. Melatonin is the sole endogenous hormone linked with HE. Melatonin as a neurohormone is a potent antioxidant that is primarily synthesized and released by the brain\u2019s pineal gland. Several HE and liver cirrhosis clinical studies have demonstrated impaired synthesis, secretion of melatonin, and circadian patterns. Melatonin can cross the BBB and is involved in various neuroprotective actions on the HE brain. Hence, we aim to elucidate how HE impairs brain functions, and elucidate the precise molecular mechanism of melatonin that reverses the HE effects on the central nervous system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11050837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T21:16:28Z","timestamp":1650921388000},"page":"837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Hepatic Encephalopathy and Melatonin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7947-2614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Archana","family":"Arjunan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1857-6887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhiraj Kumar","family":"Sah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1209-6786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Do","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9165-8507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juhyun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea"},{"name":"BioMedical Sciences Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University, 264 Seoyangro, Hwasun 58128, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J.J., Meng, X., Li, Y., Zhou, Y., Xu, D.P., Li, S., and Li, H.B. 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