{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T17:24:47Z","timestamp":1789579487349,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reactive Sulfur Species (RSS), such as allicin from garlic or sulforaphane from broccoli, are fre-quently associated with biological activities and possible health benefits in animals and humans. Among these Organic Sulfur Compounds (OSCs) found in many plants and fungi, the Volatile Sulfur Compounds (VSCs) feature prominently, not only because of their often-pungent smell, but also because they are able to access places which solids and solutions cannot reach that easily. Indeed, inorganic RSS such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) can be used to lit-erally fumigate entire rooms and areas. Similarly, metabolites of garlic, such as allyl methyl sulfide (AMS), are formed metabolically in humans in lower concentrations and reach the airways from inside the body as part of one\u2019s breath. Curiously, H2S is also formed in the gastrointestinal tract by gut bacteria, and the question of if and for which purpose this gas then crosses the barriers and enters the body is indeed a delicate matter for equally delicate studies. In any case, nature is surprisingly rich in such VSCs, as fruits (for instance, the infamous durian) demonstrate, and therefore these VSCs represent a promising group of compounds for further studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11061036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T22:04:06Z","timestamp":1653429846000},"page":"1036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Whiff of Sulfur: One Wind a Day Keeps the Doctor Away"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3942-441X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduard","family":"Tiganescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus Alexander","family":"L\u00e4mmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yannick","family":"Ney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1965-4253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad Yaman","family":"Abdin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2911-2607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Jawad","family":"Nasim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6288-7220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claus","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milito, A., Brancaccio, M., D\u2019Argenio, G., and Castellano, I. (2019). Natural Sulfur-Containing Compounds: An Alternative Therapeutic Strategy against Liver Fibrosis. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8111356"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mi\u0119kus, N., Marsza\u0142ek, K., Podlacha, M., Iqbal, A., Puchalski, C., and \u015awiergiel, A.H. (2020). Health Benefits of Plant-Derived Sulfur Compounds, Glucosinolates, and Organosulfur Compounds. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25173804"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.04.109","article-title":"Mushrooms: A Rich Source of the Antioxidants Ergothioneine and Glutathione","volume":"233","author":"Kalaras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.00064","article-title":"Organosulfur Compounds: A Review of Their Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Human Health","volume":"7","author":"Ruhee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.04.098","article-title":"The Contribution of Alliaceous and Cruciferous Vegetables to Dietary Sulphur Intake","volume":"234","author":"Doleman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S.-L., Lin, S.-Y., Du, H.-T., Qin, L., Lei, L.-M., and Chen, D. (2021). An Insight by Molecular Sensory Science Approaches to Contributions and Variations of the Key Odorants in Shiitake Mushrooms. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10030622"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107687","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Sulfur-Containing Natural Products in Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"216","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borlinghaus, J., Foerster (n\u00e9e Reiter), J., Kappler, U., Antelmann, H., Noll, U., Gruhlke, M.C.H., and Slusarenko, A.J. (2021). Allicin, the Odor of Freshly Crushed Garlic: A Review of Recent Progress in Understanding Allicin\u2019s Effects on Cells. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26061505"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gruhlke, M.C.H., Nicco, C., Batteux, F., and Slusarenko, A.J. (2016). The Effects of Allicin, a Reactive Sulfur Species from Garlic, on a Selection of Mammalian Cell Lines. Antioxidants, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox6010001"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.11.022","article-title":"The Human Allicin-Proteome: S-Thioallylation of Proteins by the Garlic Defence Substance Allicin and Its Biological Effects","volume":"131","author":"Gruhlke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6763","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25154-9","article-title":"A Comparison of the Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Thiosulfinate Analogues of Allicin","volume":"8","author":"Leontiev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2019.05.002","article-title":"Validation of Environmental Disinfection Efficiency of Traditional Ayurvedic Fumigation Practices","volume":"10","author":"Bhatwalkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ayurveda Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anwar, A., Gould, E., Tinson, R., Groom, M., and Hamilton, C.J. (2016). Think Yellow and Keep Green\u2014Role of Sulfanes from Garlic in Agriculture. Antioxidants, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox6010003"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth1056","article-title":"Determination of the Sites of Tyrosine O-Sulfation in Peptides and Proteins","volume":"4","author":"Yu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1021\/tx050338c","article-title":"Thiocyanate Is an Efficient Endogenous Scavenger of the Phagocytic Killing Agent Hypobromous Acid","volume":"19","author":"Nagy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2014.08.014","article-title":"Tryptophan Oxidation in Proteins Exposed to Thiocyanate-Derived Oxidants","volume":"564","author":"Bonifay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110058","article-title":"Can Volcanic Trace Elements Facilitate Covid-19 Diffusion? A Hypothesis Stemming from the Mount Etna Area, Sicily","volume":"144","author":"Raciti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-019-01829-4","article-title":"Effects of Drinking Natural Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Waters: A Systematic Review of in Vivo Animal Studies","volume":"64","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.59379","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide Exposure in an Adult Male","volume":"30","author":"Doujaiji","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Saudi Med."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2022, March 16). Bad Nenndorfer Schwefelquelle-Eine Der St\u00e4rksten in Europa Bad Nenndorf. Available online: https:\/\/www.badnenndorf.de\/kur-and-gesundheit\/unsere-heilmittel-moor-schwefel-sole\/schwefel\/."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2019.1638416","article-title":"Effects of Sulphur-Containing Mineral Water Intake on Oxidative Status and Markers for Inflammation in Healthy Subjects","volume":"127","author":"Sokrateva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2022, March 16). Physicochemical Analysis of Varna Basin Mineral Water-ProQuest. Available online: https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/openview\/4b6fab94d5ade3ac7a79409f75fcde9d\/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1536338."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.06.062","article-title":"The Rapid Chemically Induced Corrosion of Concrete Sewers at High H2S Concentration","volume":"162","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705583","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.705583","article-title":"The Capacity to Produce Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) via Cysteine Degradation Is Ubiquitous in the Human Gut Microbiome","volume":"12","author":"Braccia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2020.03.003","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide Toxicity in the Gut Environment: Meta-Analysis of Sulfate-Reducing and Lactic Acid Bacteria in Inflammatory Processes","volume":"27","author":"Kushkevych","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2013.07.002","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide Chemical Biology: Pathophysiological Roles and Detection","volume":"35","author":"Kolluru","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7058","article-title":"A Review of Hydrogen Sulfide Synthesis, Metabolism, and Measurement: Is Modulation of Hydrogen Sulfide a Novel Therapeutic for Cancer?","volume":"31","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Sign."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomasova, L., Konopelski, P., and Ufnal, M. (2016). Gut Bacteria and Hydrogen Sulfide: The New Old Players in Circulatory System Homeostasis. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21111558"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1028","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1997.272.5.G1028","article-title":"Insights into Human Colonic Physiology Obtained from the Study of Flatus Composition","volume":"272","author":"Suarez","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastroint Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1479","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.90566.2008","article-title":"Whole Tissue Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations Are Orders of Magnitude Lower than Presently Accepted Values","volume":"295","author":"Furne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Reg. Integ. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2021.0004","article-title":"Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide on the Microbiome: From Toxicity to Therapy","volume":"36","author":"Buret","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Sign."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4433","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide-Based Therapeutics: Exploiting a Unique but Ubiquitous Gasotransmitter","volume":"14","author":"Wallace","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000526","article-title":"Cysteine-Derived Hydrogen Sulfide and Gut Health: A Matter of Endogenous or Bacterial Origin","volume":"22","author":"Blachier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-010X(19981015)282:3<310::AID-JEZ4>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Sulfur Reduction by Human Erythrocytes","volume":"282","author":"Searcy","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17977","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705710104","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide Mediates the Vasoactivity of Garlic","volume":"104","author":"Benavides","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1061","article-title":"H2S: A \u201cDouble Face\u201d Molecule in Health and Disease","volume":"39","author":"Ascenzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1500968","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1500968","article-title":"A Novel Persulfide Detection Method Reveals Protein Persulfide- and Polysulfide-Reducing Functions of Thioredoxin and Glutathione Systems","volume":"2","author":"Pader","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0431-5","article-title":"Non-Enzymatic Hydrogen Sulfide Production from Cysteine in Blood Is Catalyzed by Iron and Vitamin B6","volume":"2","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2011.02.004","article-title":"PLP-Dependent H2S Biogenesis","volume":"1814","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) Proteins Proteom."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, P., Liu, H., Shi, X., and Prokosch, V. (2021). Hydrogen Sulfide: Novel Endogenous and Exogenous Modulator of Oxidative Stress in Retinal Degeneration Diseases. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26092411"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2022, April 04). Instagram, E.F.-W.-P. 52062 A.D.F. Elisenbrunnen. Available online: https:\/\/www.aachen-tourismus.de\/en\/discover\/sights\/details\/elisenbrunnen\/."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2013.07.001","article-title":"Chemical Foundations of Hydrogen Sulfide Biology","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S1570-0232(01)00632-8","article-title":"A Simple, Optimized Method for the Determination of Sulphide in Whole Blood by GC\u2013MS as a Marker of Bowel Fermentation Processes","volume":"770","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Chromatog. B"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2008.06.010","article-title":"Serum Nitric Oxide Metabolite Levels in a General Healthy Population: Relation to Sex and Age","volume":"83","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00017.2011","article-title":"Physiological Implications of Hydrogen Sulfide: A Whiff Exploration That Blossomed","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khattak, S., Zhang, Q.-Q., Sarfraz, M., Muhammad, P., Ngowi, E.E., Khan, N.H., Rauf, S., Wang, Y.-Z., Qi, H.-W., and Wang, D. (2021). The Role of Hydrogen Sulfide in Respiratory Diseases. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11050682"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2020.10.003","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide as a Novel Biomarker of Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"70","author":"Suzuki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergol. Int."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2020.8247","article-title":"N-Acetylcysteine and Hydrogen Sulfide in Coronavirus Disease 2019","volume":"35","author":"Bourgonje","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4931","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15230","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory and Antiviral Roles of Hydrogen Sulfide: Rationale for Considering H2S Donors in COVID-19 Therapy","volume":"177","author":"Citi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C244","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00187.2020","article-title":"H2S as a Potential Defense against COVID-19?","volume":"319","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7866992","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7866992","article-title":"The Antiviral Roles of Hydrogen Sulfide by Blocking the Interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and Its Potential Cell Surface Receptors","volume":"2021","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6652086","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6652086","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide in Skin Diseases: A Novel Mediator and Therapeutic Target","volume":"2021","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5326.653","article-title":"Iron-Sulfur Clusters: Nature\u2019s Modular, Multipurpose Structures","volume":"277","author":"Beinert","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14699","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide and Dermatological Diseases","volume":"177","author":"Costa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-019-01244-4","article-title":"Acid Rain and Air Pollution: 50 Years of Progress in Environmental Science and Policy","volume":"49","author":"Grennfelt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.07.003","article-title":"Sulfur Dioxide Residue in Sulfur-Fumigated Edible Herbs: The Fewer, the Safer?","volume":"192","author":"Duan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19185-5","article-title":"The Impact of SO2 on Wine Flavanols and Indoles in Relation to Wine Style and Age","volume":"8","author":"Arapitsas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7254.2008.00845.x","article-title":"Endogenously Generated Sulfur Dioxide and Its Vasorelaxant Effect in Rats","volume":"29","author":"Du","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/41.6.897","article-title":"Determination of Total Serum Sulfite by HPLC with Fluorescence Detection","volume":"41","author":"Ji","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2018.00559","article-title":"SO2 Donors and Prodrugs, and Their Possible Applications: A Review","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2020.08.017","article-title":"Endogenous Sulfur Dioxide Is a Novel Inhibitor of Hypoxia-Induced Mast Cell Degranulation","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8961951","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8961951","article-title":"Endogenous Sulfur Dioxide: A New Member of Gasotransmitter Family in the Cardiovascular System","volume":"2016","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729728","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.729728","article-title":"Endogenous SO2 Controls Cell Apoptosis: The State-of-the-Art","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.119.089995","article-title":"Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase 1 Catalyzes the Production of Taurine from Hypotaurine","volume":"48","author":"Veeravalli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1251","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2014.229","article-title":"Sulfur Dioxide Inhibits Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation via Suppressing the Erk\/MAP Kinase Pathway Mediated by CAMP\/PKA Signaling","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8758","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-04319-7","article-title":"Sulfur Dioxide Induces Apoptosis via Reactive Oxygen Species Generation in Rat Cardiomyocytes","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.11.036","article-title":"Endogenous Sulfur Dioxide Regulates Hippocampal Neuron Apoptosis in Developing Epileptic Rats and Is Associated with the PERK Signaling Pathway","volume":"665","author":"Niu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2013.12.042","article-title":"Dose-Dependent Effect of Sulfur Dioxide on Brain Damage Induced by Recurrent Febrile Seizures in Rats","volume":"563","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2004.08.002","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Light-Induced Photoreceptor Apoptosis and Neuroprotection for Retinal Degeneration","volume":"24","author":"Wenzel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Progr. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2012.70","article-title":"Sulfur Dioxide Attenuates LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury via Enhancing Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil Apoptosis","volume":"33","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giles, G.I., Nasim, M.J., Ali, W., and Jacob, C. (2017). The Reactive Sulfur Species Concept: 15 Years On. Antioxidants, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox6020038"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2011.01.044","article-title":"Sulfur Signaling: Is the Agent Sulfide or Sulfane?","volume":"413","author":"Toohey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Nagy, P., and Winterbourn, C.C. (2022, May 09). Rapid Reaction of Hydrogen Sulfide with the Neutrophil Oxidant Hypochlorous Acid to Generate Polysulfides. Available online: https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/full\/10.1021\/tx100266a."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-016-1600-z","article-title":"Hydrogen Polysulfide (H2Sn) Signaling along with Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) and Nitric Oxide (NO)","volume":"123","author":"Kimura","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neural. Transm."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.5041","article-title":"Polysulfides Link H2S to Protein Thiol Oxidation","volume":"19","author":"Greiner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2013.09.013","article-title":"Polysulfide Exerts a Protective Effect against Cytotoxicity Caused by T-Buthylhydroperoxide through Nrf2 Signaling in Neuroblastoma Cells","volume":"587","author":"Koike","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2015.09.007","article-title":"Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) Is Inactivated by S-Sulfuration In Vitro","volume":"89","author":"Jarosz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6804","DOI":"10.1021\/bi300778t","article-title":"Human Sulfide:Quinone Oxidoreductase Catalyzes the First Step in Hydrogen Sulfide Metabolism and Produces a Sulfane Sulfur Metabolite","volume":"51","author":"Jackson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30901","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.602664","article-title":"Organization of the Human Mitochondrial Hydrogen Sulfide Oxidation Pathway","volume":"289","author":"Libiad","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5b10494","article-title":"Biosynthesis and Reactivity of Cysteine Persulfides in Signaling","volume":"138","author":"Yadav","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.09.007","article-title":"Redox Chemistry and Chemical Biology of H2S, Hydropersulfides, and Derived Species: Implications of Their Possible Biological Activity and Utility","volume":"77","author":"Ono","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7606","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1321232111","article-title":"Reactive Cysteine Persulfides and S-Polythiolation Regulate Oxidative Stress and Redox Signaling","volume":"111","author":"Ida","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4633","DOI":"10.1021\/cr300163e","article-title":"Cysteine-Mediated Redox Signaling: Chemistry, Biology, and Tools for Discovery","volume":"113","author":"Paulsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9906","DOI":"10.1021\/bi027434m","article-title":"Sulfenic Acid Formation in Human Serum Albumin by Hydrogen Peroxide and Peroxynitrite","volume":"42","author":"Carballal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201305876","article-title":"Detection of Protein S-Sulfhydration by a Tag-Switch Technique","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1021\/jp310664z","article-title":"Protein Control of S-Nitrosothiol Reactivity: Interplay of Antagonistic Resonance Structures","volume":"117","author":"Talipov","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12061","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201305669","article-title":"Generation of HNO and HSNO from Nitrite by Heme-Iron-Catalyzed Metabolism with H2S","volume":"52","author":"Miljkovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27038","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27038","article-title":"The Hydrogen Sulfide Metabolite Trimethylsulfonium Is Found in Human Urine","volume":"6","author":"Lajin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2010.08.016","article-title":"Volatile Sulphur Compounds in Morning Breath of Human Volunteers","volume":"56","author":"Snel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Oral. Biol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S268","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.JPBS_81_20","article-title":"The Relationship between Volatile Sulfur Compounds and the Severity of Chronic Periodontitis: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"12","author":"Abdullah","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl.2008.2.2.113","article-title":"Volatile Sulfur Compounds as a Predictor for Esophagogastroduodenal Mucosal Injury","volume":"2","author":"Yoo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12546","article-title":"Dimethyl Sulfide Protects against Oxidative Stress and Extends Lifespan via a Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase A-dependent Catalytic Mechanism","volume":"16","author":"Guan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10472","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1101275108","article-title":"Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase A Is a Stereospecific Methionine Oxidase","volume":"108","author":"Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/17415990802195623","article-title":"Naturally Occurring Reactive Sulfur Species, Their Activity against Caco-2 Cells, and Possible Modes of Biochemical Action","volume":"29","author":"Anwar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sulfur. Chem."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grman, M., Nasim, M.J., Leontiev, R., Misak, A., Jakusova, V., Ondrias, K., and Jacob, C. (2017). Inorganic Reactive Sulfur-Nitrogen Species: Intricate Release Mechanisms or Cacophony in Yellow, Blue and Red?. Antioxidants, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox6010014"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1007\/s40495-018-0152-3","article-title":"The Small Matter of a Red Ox, a Particularly Sensitive Pink Cat, and the Quest for the Yellow Stone of Wisdom","volume":"4","author":"Nasim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2015.3093","article-title":"A Scent of Therapy: Synthetic Polysulfanes with Improved Physico-Chemical Properties Induce Apoptosis in Human Cancer Cells","volume":"47","author":"Allah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"1599","article-title":"Antifungal Activity of Tetrasulfanes against Botrytis Cinerea","volume":"8","author":"Czepukojc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R167","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4351","article-title":"The Natural Organosulfur Compound Dipropyltetrasulfide Prevents HOCl-Induced Systemic Sclerosis in the Mouse","volume":"15","author":"Marut","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6547","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63382-0","article-title":"Dimethyl Disulfide Exerts Antifungal Activity against Sclerotinia Minor by Damaging Its Membrane and Induces Systemic Resistance in Host Plants","volume":"10","author":"Tyagi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2010.04891.x","article-title":"Broad-Range Antagonistic Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas Fluorescens and Serratia Plymuthica Suppress Agrobacterium Crown Gall Tumours on Tomato Plants","volume":"110","author":"Dandurishvili","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lammers, A., Lalk, M., and Garbeva, P. (2022). Air Ambulance: Antimicrobial Power of Bacterial Volatiles. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11010109"},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"(2022, March 23). Paladin\u00aeEC Soil Fumigant, Active Ingredient Dimethyl Disulfide (DMDS), Drip Application. Available online: https:\/\/www.arkema.com\/global\/en\/products\/product-finder\/product-range\/thiochemicals\/dmds-for-agricultural-soil-fumig\/."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1758-2229.2011.00284.x","article-title":"Quorum-Sensing Quenching by Rhizobacterial Volatiles","volume":"3","author":"Chernin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Y., Li, F., Gu, D., Wang, W., Huang, J., and Jiao, X. (2021). Antimicrobial Effect and the Mechanism of Diallyl Trisulfide against Campylobacter Jejuni. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10030246"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, X., Su, X., and Liu, H. (2021). Diallyl Trisulfide, the Antifungal Component of Garlic Essential Oil and the Bioactivity of Its Nanoemulsions Formed by Spontaneous Emulsification. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26237186"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.146172","article-title":"In Vitro Anti-Synovial Sarcoma Effect of Diallyl Trisulfide and MRNA Profiling","volume":"816","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200216666150812123554","article-title":"Diallyl Sulfide: Potential Use in Novel Therapeutic Interventions in Alcohol, Drugs, and Disease Mediated Cellular Toxicity by Targeting Cytochrome P450 2E1","volume":"16","author":"Rao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Metab."},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"(2022, March 23). Ecospray|Ecospray Is the Pioneer of Internationally Approved and Patented Crop Protection Products Formulated Using a 100% Safe, Natural and Sustainable Technology Derived from Garlic. Available online: https:\/\/ecospray.com\/."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.3136\/fstr.23.613","article-title":"Characterization of Volatiles in Garlic and in Exhaled Breath after Garlic Ingestion by On-Line Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3778","DOI":"10.1021\/jf960640e","article-title":"Analysis of Compounds in Human Breath after Ingestion of Garlic Using Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry","volume":"44","author":"Taucher","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"1","article-title":"Measurement of Diallyl Disulfide and Allyl Methyl Sulfide Emanating from Human Skin Surface and Influence of Ingestion of Grilled Garlic","volume":"10","author":"Sato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-961998","article-title":"Volatile Garlic Odor Components: Gas Phases and Adsorbed Exhaled Air Analysed by Headspace Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry","volume":"55","author":"Laakso","year":"1989","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1021\/jf048323s","article-title":"Allicin and Allicin-Derived Garlic Compounds Increase Breath Acetone through Allyl Methyl Sulfide:\u2009 Use in Measuring Allicin Bioavailability","volume":"53","author":"Lawson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawson, L.D., and Hunsaker, S.M. (2018). Allicin Bioavailability and Bioequivalence from Garlic Supplements and Garlic Foods. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070812"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.27.131","article-title":"Effect of Diallyl Sulphide, Diallyl Disulphide, and Allyl Methyl Sulphide on the Inhibition of Lung Metastasis of B16F-10 Melanoma Cells in Mice","volume":"27","author":"Kuttan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2020.1811154","article-title":"Reactivity of Allyl Methyl Sulphide, the in-Vitro Metabolite of Garlic, with Some Amino Acids and with Phospholipid Involved in Viral Infections","volume":"40","author":"Sinha","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.07.011","article-title":"Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae Is Impaired by the Garlic Volatile Allyl Methyl Sulfide (AMS) in Vitro and in-Feed Garlic Alleviates Pleuropneumonia in a Pig Model","volume":"154","author":"Becker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10163","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c04123","article-title":"Inhibitory Activities of Sulfur Compounds in Garlic Essential Oil against Alzheimer\u2019s Disease-Related Enzymes and Their Distribution in the Mouse Brain","volume":"69","author":"Yoshioka","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lietzow, J. (2021). Biologically Active Compounds in Mustard Seeds: A Toxicological Perspective. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10092089"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, M., Khatun, A., Liu, L., and Barkla, B.J. (2018). Brassicaceae Mustards: Traditional and Agronomic Uses in Australia and New Zealand. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23010231"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2018.00114","article-title":"Durian Fruits Discovered as Superior Folate Sources","volume":"5","author":"Striegel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.6026\/97320630014265","article-title":"A Review on the Nutritional, Medicinal, Molecular and Genome Attributes of Durian (Durio zibethinus L.), the King of Fruits in Malaysia","volume":"14","author":"Husin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformation"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3291","DOI":"10.1021\/jf960191i","article-title":"Sulfur-Containing Volatiles of Durian Fruits (Durio zibethinus Murr.)","volume":"44","author":"Weenen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aziz, N.A.A., and Mhd Jalil, A.M. (2019). Bioactive Compounds, Nutritional Value, and Potential Health Benefits of Indigenous Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.): A Review. Foods, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8030096"}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/11\/6\/1036\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:17:24Z","timestamp":1760138244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/11\/6\/1036"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox11061036"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox11061036","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]}}}