{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T04:37:39Z","timestamp":1771043859796,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Eye Institute","award":["EY028121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY028121"]}]},{"name":"National Eye Institute","award":["EY030487"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY030487"]}]},{"name":"National Eye Institute","award":["EY007157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY007157"]}]},{"name":"National Eye Institute","award":["EY011373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY011373"]}]},{"name":"T32 Visual Science Training","award":["EY028121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY028121"]}]},{"name":"T32 Visual Science Training","award":["EY030487"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY030487"]}]},{"name":"T32 Visual Science Training","award":["EY007157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY007157"]}]},{"name":"T32 Visual Science Training","award":["EY011373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY011373"]}]},{"name":"Visual Science","award":["EY028121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY028121"]}]},{"name":"Visual Science","award":["EY030487"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY030487"]}]},{"name":"Visual Science","award":["EY007157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY007157"]}]},{"name":"Visual Science","award":["EY011373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY011373"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Emerging evidence indicates that diabetes disturbs photoreceptor function and vitamin A homeostasis. However, the biochemical basis of this phenotype is not well established. Here, we compared the effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in wild-type (WT) mice and Stra6-\/- mice, a mouse model for ocular vitamin A deficiency. After 8 weeks, diabetes increased serum retinyl esters in mice of both genotypes. The eyes of diabetic WT mice displayed increased superoxide levels but no changes in retinoid concentrations. Diabetic Stra6-\/- mice showed increased ocular retinoid concentrations, but superoxide levels remained unchanged. After 30 weeks, significant alterations in liver and fat retinoid concentrations were observed in diabetic mice. Diabetic WT mice exhibited a decreased expression of visual cycle proteins and a thinning of the photoreceptor layer. Stra6-\/- mice displayed significantly lower ocular retinoid concentration than WT mice. An altered retinal morphology and a reduced expression of photoreceptor marker genes paralleled these biochemical changes and were more pronounced in the diabetic animals. Taken together, we observed that diabetes altered vitamin A homeostasis in several organ systems and aggravated photoreceptor pathologies in the vitamin-deficient mouse eyes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11061142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T10:25:12Z","timestamp":1654856712000},"page":"1142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Diabetes Aggravates Photoreceptor Pathologies in a Mouse Model for Ocular Vitamin A Deficiency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2542-1501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Srinivasagan","family":"Ramkumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6696-357X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vipul M.","family":"Parmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chieh","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia R.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2079-2143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"von Lintig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2014.03.003","article-title":"Phenotypes and biomarkers of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"41","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. 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