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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are commonly used as destructive or modifying agents of cellular components or they act as signaling molecules in the immune system. During the development of RA, a hypoxic and inflammatory situation in the synovium maintains ROS generation, which can be sustained by increased DNA damage and malfunctioning mitochondria in a feedback loop. Oxidative stress caused by abundant ROS production has also been shown to be associated with synovitis in RA. The goal of this review is to examine the functions of ROS and related molecular mechanisms in diverse cells in the synovial microenvironment of RA. The strategies relying on regulating ROS to treat RA are also reviewed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11061153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T06:31:59Z","timestamp":1655101919000},"page":"1153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":150,"title":["The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated Synovial Microenvironment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danping","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxue","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinbin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengxiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5601-9670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Department of Emergency, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60008-8","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"373","author":"Klareskog","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780310302","article-title":"The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"31","author":"Arnett","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-018-0070-0","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis and the mucosal origins hypothesis: Protection turns to destruction","volume":"14","author":"Holers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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