{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:35:56Z","timestamp":1790721356055,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Access Fund of the Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tribulus terrestris L. belongs to the family Zygophyllaceae and integral part of various ancient medicinal systems including Chinese, Indian, and European to combat various health ailments. The aim of the present study was to assess the phytochemical constituents, in vitro antioxidant activity using DPPH, FRAP, and H2O2 assays, in vitro anticancer activity using MTT assay, and in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory properties of T. terrestris. The acute and sub-acute toxicity of extracts exhibiting most biological potential was examined using murine models. Liquid\u2013liquid partitioning followed by RP\u2013HPLC sub-fraction of crude extract was performed. After that, ESI-MS\/MS analysis was done for the timid identification of bioactive metabolites responsible for bioactivities of sub-fractions and HPLC analysis to quantify the compounds using external standards. Among all extracts, T. terrestris methanol extract was noted to hold maximum phenolic (341.3 mg GAE\/g) and flavonoid (209 mg QE\/g) contents, antioxidant activity in DPPH (IC50 71.4 \u00b5g\/mL), FRAP (35.3 mmol\/g), and H2O2 (65.3% inhibition) assays, anti-inflammatory activities in vitro at 400 \u00b5g\/mL (heat-induced hemolysis, % inhibition 68.5; egg albumin denaturation, % inhibition 75.6%; serum albumin denaturation, % inhibition 80.2), and in vivo at 200 mg\/kg (carrageenan-induced paw edema, % inhibition 69.3%; formaldehyde-induced paw edema, % inhibition 71.3%) and anticancer activity against breast cancer cell (MCF-7) proliferation (IC50 74.1 \u00b5g\/mL). Acute and sub-acute toxicity studies recorded with no change in body weight, behavior, hematological, serum, and histopathological parameters in treated rats with T. terrestris methanol extracts when compared to control group. Fraction B obtained through liquid\u2013liquid partitioning resulted in more bioactive potential as compared to the parent methanol extract. RP\u2013HPLC analysis of fraction B resulted with four sub-fractions (TBTMF1-TBTMF4), wherein TBTMF3 delineated notable bioactive capabilities as compared to other fractions and parent methanol extract. ESI-MS\/MS analysis of TBTMF3 resulted with tentative identification of myricetin, rutin, liquitrigenin, physcion, and protodioscin. It can be stated that T. terrestris is a potential bearing herb and findings of current study further verify the claims made in ancient medicinal systems. However, after investigation of each identified compound, it must be considered for drug discovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11061160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T22:00:38Z","timestamp":1655157638000},"page":"1160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Cancer, and Toxicity Assessment of Tribulus terrestris\u2014In Vitro and In Vivo Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Malik","family":"Abbas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mazhar","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Akhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2358-8479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tariq","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6207-553X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Qamar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4088-8297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahid","family":"Shafiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2413-6925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuba","family":"Esatbeyoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Am Kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez, V.L., and Davoudian, T. 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