{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T14:04:22Z","timestamp":1778940262580,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]],"date-time":"2022-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","award":["MOST-110-2313-B-005-051-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST-110-2313-B-005-051-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","award":["MOST-108-2314-B-005-052-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST-108-2314-B-005-052-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","award":["MOE-111-S-0023-A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOE-111-S-0023-A"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","award":["CRRPD-1K-0012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRRPD-1K-0012"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education in Taiwan","award":["MOST-110-2313-B-005-051-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST-110-2313-B-005-051-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education in Taiwan","award":["MOST-108-2314-B-005-052-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST-108-2314-B-005-052-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education in Taiwan","award":["MOE-111-S-0023-A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOE-111-S-0023-A"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education in Taiwan","award":["CRRPD-1K-0012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRRPD-1K-0012"]}]},{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","award":["MOST-110-2313-B-005-051-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST-110-2313-B-005-051-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","award":["MOST-108-2314-B-005-052-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST-108-2314-B-005-052-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","award":["MOE-111-S-0023-A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOE-111-S-0023-A"]}]},{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","award":["CRRPD-1K-0012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRRPD-1K-0012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients experience oxidative stress due to excess exogenous or endogenous oxidants and insufficient antioxidants. Hence, oxidative stress and inflammation cause endothelial damage, contributing to vascular dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Therefore, ESRD patients suffer more cardiovascular and hospitalization events than healthy people. This study aims to test the correlations between ROS, SOD3, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-18 and the first kidney disease-related hospitalization or death events in ESRD patients undergoing regular hemodialysis. A total of 212 participants was enrolled, including 45 normal healthy adults and 167 ESRD patients on regular dialysis. Blood samples from all participants were collected for ROS, SOD3, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-18 measurement at the beginning of the study, and every kidney disease-related admission or death was recorded for the next year. Multivariate analysis was conducted by fitting a linear regression model, logistic regression model, and Cox proportional hazards model to estimate the adjusted effects of risk factors, prognostic factors, or predictors on continuous, binary, and survival outcome data. The results showed that plasma SOD3 and serum IL-18 were two strong predictors of the first kidney disease-related hospitalization or death. In the Cox proportional hazards models (run in R), higher IL-18 concentration (&gt;69.054 pg\/mL) was associated with a hazard ratio of 3.376 for the first kidney disease-related hospitalization or death (95% CI: 1.2644 to 9.012), while log(SOD3) &lt; 4.723 and dialysis clearance (Kt\/V; 1.11 &lt; value &lt; 1.869) had a hazard ratio = 0.2730 (95% CI: 0.1133 to 0.6576) for reducing future kidney disease-related hospitalization or death. Other markers, including body mass index (BMI), transferrin saturation, total iron binding capacity, and sodium and alkaline phosphate, were also found to be significant in our study. These results reveal the new predictors SOD3 and IL-18 for the medical care of end-stage renal disease patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11061198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]],"date-time":"2022-06-18T09:51:11Z","timestamp":1655545871000},"page":"1198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["SOD3 and IL-18 Predict the First Kidney Disease-Related Hospitalization or Death during the One-Year Follow-Up Period in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yu-Hsien","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Jen-Ai Hospital, Dali Branch, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2270-6955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Hsuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6437-8473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi-Hua","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Yunlin 638, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chia-Wen","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung 411, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chih-Ching","family":"Yen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4152-4949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0974-0673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kowit-Yu","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Hyperbaric Oxygen Medical Research Lab, Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2461-9150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuan-Mu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, The Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manns, B., Hemmelgarn, B., Tonelli, M., Au, F., So, H., Weaver, R., Quinn, A.E., Klarenbach, S., and Canadians Seeking Solutions and Innovations to Overcome Chronic Kidney Disease (2019). 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