{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T19:29:10Z","timestamp":1782761350654,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the local research funds"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Flavonoids and proanthocyanidins (PACs) have been the subject of intense scientific investigations, both for their antioxidant properties and anti-adhesion activity against uropathogenic bacteria. We investigated the metabolomics and antioxidant capacity of SP4TM, a patent-pending formulation based on a mixture of plant extracts with a high content of bioactive PACs and other polyphenols. The total content of polyphenols (885.51 \u00b1 14.19 mg\/g), flavonoids (135.52 \u00b1 8.98 mg\/g), anthocyanins (54.84 \u00b1 2.97 mg\/g), and PACs (379.43 \u00b1 12.44 mg\/g) was quantified using UV-Vis assays. Use of HPLC-ESI-MS\/MS revealed the presence of 5 flavanols (100.77 \u00b1 3.90 mg g\u22121 d.wt), 11 flavonols (59.96 \u00b1 1.83 mg g\u22121 d.wt), and 8 anthocyanins (46.96 \u00b1 1.59 mg g\u22121 d.wt), whereas MALDI-TOF MS showed that SP4TM contains PACs with one or more type-A interflavan bonds at each degree of polymerization. Regarding antioxidant properties, LUCS technology on HepG2 cells evidenced the ability of SP4TM to neutralize intracellular free radicals, inhibit membrane lipid peroxidation, quench H2O2, and reduce free radicals mainly through chelating mechanism, as demonstrated by a higher FRAP value (2643.28 \u00b1 39.86 mmol\/g) compared with ABTS (139.92 \u00b1 6.16 mmol\/g) and DPPH (89.51 \u00b1 3.91 mmol\/g). Finally, the SP4TM type-A PAC content strongly prevented bacterial adhesion of P-fimbriated uropathogenic Escherichia coli (0.23 mg\/mL). In conclusion, SP4TM has a strong antioxidant capacity involving multitarget mechanisms and is a potential supplement to fight urinary tract infections due to its ability to inhibit uropathogenic E. coli adhesion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11071234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T21:25:00Z","timestamp":1656019500000},"page":"1234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Metabolomics-Based Profiling, Antioxidant Power, and Uropathogenic Bacterial Anti-Adhesion Activity of SP4TM, a Formulation with a High Content of Type-A Proanthocyanidins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0047-978X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Mannino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15\/a, 10135 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6814-2353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo E.","family":"Maffei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15\/a, 10135 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sauer, H., Shah, A.M., and Laurindo, F.R.M. (2010). Oxidative stress and cardiovascular fibrosis. Studies on Cardiovascular Disorders, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-600-9"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"133","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis and treatment of asthma","volume":"Volume 1203","author":"Laskin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oxidative\/Nitrosative Stress and Disease"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1021","article-title":"Oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease","volume":"13","author":"Hoeschen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1556\/650.2016.30589","article-title":"Psoriasis and oxidative stress","volume":"157","author":"Ivan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orv. Hetil."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2006.04457.x","article-title":"Hypertension and oxidative stress","volume":"33","author":"Ward","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"43","article-title":"Oxidative stress in type 1 diabetes","volume":"Volume 1005","author":"Sanjeevi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunology of Diabetes II: Pathogenesis from Mouse to Man"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.14235\/bas.galenos.2017.2145","article-title":"Diabetes, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction","volume":"7","author":"Ozturk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bezmialem Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.23100","article-title":"Oxidative stress promotes benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"76","author":"Vital","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.3892\/mco.2017.1413","article-title":"Oxidative stress and prostatic diseases","volume":"7","author":"Roumeguere","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S62","DOI":"10.1097\/00002093-200000001-00010","article-title":"Oxidative stress, antioxidants, and alzheimer disease","volume":"14","author":"Rottkamp","year":"2000","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1543","article-title":"COVID-19 and oxidative stress","volume":"85","author":"Chernyak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agarwal, A., Aitken, R.J., and Alvarez, J.G. (2012). Oxidative stress and infection. Studies on Mens Health and Fertility, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-776-7"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.23987","article-title":"Persistent bacterial infections, antibiotic tolerance, and the oxidative stress response","volume":"4","author":"Grant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-03903-x","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and uspa overexpession: An alternative bacterial response toward selection and maintenance of multidrug resistance in clinical isolates of uropathogenic E. Coli","volume":"39","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5s","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(02)01054-9","article-title":"Epidemiology of urinary tract infections: Incidence, morbidity, and economic costs","volume":"113","author":"Foxman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aubron, C., Glodt, J., Matar, C., Huet, O., Borderie, D., Dobrindt, U., Duranteau, J., Denamur, E., Conti, M., and Bouvet, O. (2012). Variation in endogenous oxidative stress in Escherichia Coli natural isolates during growth in urine. BMC Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-12-120"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"10","article-title":"Cyclic amp regulates bacterial persistence through repression of the oxidative stress response and sos-dependent DNA repair in uropathogenic escherichia coli","volume":"9","author":"Brewster","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9949697","article-title":"Escherichia coli aggravates calcium oxalate stone formation via ppk1\/flagellin-mediated renal oxidative injury and inflammation","volume":"2021","author":"An","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01566","article-title":"Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (upec) infections: Virulence factors, bladder responses, antibiotic, and non-antibiotic antimicrobial strategies","volume":"8","author":"Terlizzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"536","article-title":"Oxidative stress\u2014Antioxidants in foods","volume":"58","author":"Stahl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ernahr. Umsch."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.4067\/S0716-97602000000200004","article-title":"Plant polyphenol antioxidants and oxidative stress","volume":"33","author":"Urquiaga","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-019-9591-5","article-title":"Oxidative stress, nutritional antioxidants and beyond","volume":"63","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. China-Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81649","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20887","article-title":"Oxidative stress-induced diseases and tea polyphenols","volume":"8","author":"Mao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ15-0610","article-title":"Resveratrol alleviates endotoxemia-associated adrenal insufficiency by suppressing oxidative\/nitrative stress","volume":"63","author":"Duan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-020-00395-0","article-title":"Grape polyphenols supplementation for exercise-induced oxidative stress","volume":"18","author":"Elejalde","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sport Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.2174\/1385272820666161017122202","article-title":"Quercetin effects on exercise induced oxidative stress and inflammation","volume":"21","author":"Tejada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450120666191017120505","article-title":"Plant polyphenols as neuroprotective agents in Parkinson\u2019s disease targeting oxidative stress","volume":"21","author":"Hor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.5604\/17322693.1227896","article-title":"Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of bioactive phytochemicals from cranberry","volume":"70","author":"Baranowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Postep. Hig. Med. Dosw."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.32.1155","article-title":"Modulation of oxidative stress and melanogenesis by proanthocyanidins","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.21997","article-title":"Selection of antioxidants against ovarian oxidative stress in mouse model","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000867","article-title":"Proanthocyanidins prevent ethanol-induced cognitive impairment by suppressing oxidative and inflammatory stress in adult rat brain","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2017.2971","article-title":"Oligomeric proanthocyanidins protects a549 cells against h2o2-induced oxidative stress via the nrf2-are pathway","volume":"39","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.4161\/oxim.3.6.14418","article-title":"Proanthocyanidins produce significant attenuation of doxorubicin-induced mutagenicity via suppression of oxidative stress","volume":"3","author":"Attia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-020-01272-9","article-title":"Grape seed proanthocyanidins protect retinal ganglion cells by inhibiting oxidative stress and mitochondrial alteration","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajput, S.A., Zhang, C., Feng, Y., Wei, X.T., Khalil, M.M., Rajput, I.R., Baloch, D.M., Shaukat, A., Rajput, N., and Qamar, H. (2019). Proanthocyanidins alleviates aflatoxinb(1)-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway in the bursa of fabricius of broilers. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11030157"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118908","article-title":"Protective effect of procyanidin a-type dimers against h2o2-induced oxidative stress in prostate du145 cells through the mapks signaling pathway","volume":"266","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2014.03.006","article-title":"Consumption of cranberry beverage improved endogenous antioxidant status and protected against bacteria adhesion in healthy humans: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"34","author":"Mathison","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026616666160829161031","article-title":"Cranberry for urinary tract infection: From bench to bedside","volume":"17","author":"Nabavi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2016.12.039","article-title":"Anti-aging and redox state regulation effects of a-type proanthocyanidins-rich cranberry concentrate and its comparison with grape seed extract in mice","volume":"30","author":"Jiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Funct. Food."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0483725","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of a-type proanthocyanidins from Geranium niveum (Geraniaceae)","volume":"53","author":"Maldonado","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.109830","article-title":"Chemical characterization, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of acai seed (euterpe oleracea mart.) extracts containing a- and b-type procyanidins","volume":"132","author":"Martins","year":"2020","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, B., Wang, L., Liu, M., Wu, X., Lu, Q., and Liu, R. (2022). The underlying mechanism of a-type procyanidins from peanut skin on dss-induced ulcerative colitis mice by regulating gut microbiota and metabolism. J. Food Biochem., e14103.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.14103"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishihara, T., Kaidzu, S., Kimura, H., Koyama, Y., Matsuoka, Y., and Ohira, A. (2018). Protective effect of highly polymeric a-type proanthocyanidins from seed shells of japanese horse chestnut (Aesculus turbinata blume) against light-induced oxidative damage in rat retina. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050593"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(99)99017-1","article-title":"Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of folin-ciocalteu reagent","volume":"299","author":"Singleton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Method Enzym."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.132397","article-title":"Dynamics in nutrients, sterols and total flavonoid content during processing of the edible long-horned grasshopper (Ruspolia differens serville) for food","volume":"383","author":"Ochieng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2006.02.060","article-title":"Antioxidant assessment of an anthocyanin-enriched blackberry extract","volume":"101","author":"Elisia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.3966","article-title":"Multi-laboratory validation of a standard method for quantifying proanthocyanidins in cranberry powders","volume":"90","author":"Prior","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoacint\/qsaa084","article-title":"Inter-laboratory validation of 4-(dimethylamino) cinnamaldehyde (dmac) assay using cranberry proanthocyanidin standard for quantification of soluble proanthocyanidins in cranberry foods and dietary supplements, first action official methodsm: 2019.06","volume":"104","author":"Birmingham","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4578","DOI":"10.1021\/jf3007213","article-title":"Comparison of isolated cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon ait.) proanthocyanidins to catechin and procyanidins a2 and b2 for use as standards in the 4-(dimethylamino)cinnamaldehyde assay","volume":"60","author":"Feliciano","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoacint\/qsaa106","article-title":"Identification of a-type proanthocyanidins in cranberry-based foods and dietary supplements by matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, first action method: 2019.05","volume":"104","author":"Krueger","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2019.01.010","article-title":"Chemical partitioning and DNA fingerprinting of some pistachio (pistacia vera l.) varieties of different geographical origin","volume":"160","author":"Mannino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18069","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18211-2","article-title":"Lucs (light-up cell system), a universal high throughput assay for homeostasis evaluation in live cells","volume":"7","author":"Derick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.02.018","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of water soluble vitamins in the teac (trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) and the frap (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assays","volume":"96","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(99)00192-6","article-title":"Teac antioxidant activity of 4-hydroxybenzoates","volume":"27","author":"Tyrakowska","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.130759","article-title":"High resolution lc-ms\/ms characterization of polyphenolic composition and evaluation of antioxidant activity of sambucus ebulus fruit tea traditionally used in Bulgaria as a functional food","volume":"367","author":"Galunska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(99)00573-7","article-title":"The structure of cranberry proanthocyanidins which inhibit adherence of uropathogenic p-fimbriated escherichia coli in vitro","volume":"54","author":"Foo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.18.2.330-337.1977","article-title":"Hemagglutination of human group a erythrocytes by enterotoxigenic escherichia coli isolated from adults with diarrhea: Correlation with colonization factor","volume":"18","author":"Evans","year":"1977","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.25.2.401-406.1987","article-title":"Receptor-specific agglutination tests for detection of bacteria that bind globoseries glycolipids","volume":"25","author":"Cedergren","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S112","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2010.221","article-title":"Identification of the 100 richest dietary sources of polyphenols: An application of the phenol-explorer database","volume":"64","author":"Neveu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2016.1274906","article-title":"Phenolic acids and flavonoids profiles of extracts from edible wild fruits and their antioxidant properties","volume":"20","author":"Cosmulescu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.111932","article-title":"Determination of total flavonoid content by aluminum chloride assay: A critical evaluation","volume":"150","author":"Shraim","year":"2021","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taghavi, T., Patel, H., and Rafie, R. (2021). Comparing ph differential and methanol-based methods for anthocyanin assessments of strawberries. Food Sci. Nutr., 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2065"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mannino, G., Chinig\u00f2, G., Serio, G., Genova, T., Gentile, C., Munaron, L., and Bertea, C.M. (2021). Proanthocyanidins and where to find them: A meta-analytic approach to investigate their chemistry, biosynthesis, distribution, and effect on human health. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10081229"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-013-6750-3","article-title":"Quantifying and characterizing proanthocyanidins in cranberries in relation to urinary tract health","volume":"405","author":"Krueger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2005.05.015","article-title":"Maldi-tof mass spectrometry of oligomeric food polyphenols","volume":"66","author":"Reed","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4377","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.4377","article-title":"Ion mobility-mass spectrometry for the separation and analysis of procyanidins","volume":"55","author":"Rue","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"203","article-title":"Current advances in anthocyanins: Structure, bioactivity and human health","volume":"60","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112004","article-title":"Pharmacological basis and new insights of taxifolin: A comprehensive review","volume":"142","author":"Das","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Watson, R.R., Preedy, V.R., and Zibadi, S. (2018). Chapter 20\u2014Flavonoids as modulators of neutrophils\u2019 oxidative burst: Structure-activity relationship. Polyphenols: Mechanisms of Action in Human Health and Disease, Academic Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23212","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.464222","article-title":"Site-specific inhibitory mechanism for amyloid \u03b242 aggregation by catechol-type flavonoids targeting the Lys residues","volume":"288","author":"Sato","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furger, C. (2021). Live cell assays for the assessment of antioxidant activities of plant extracts. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10060944"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8896","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0715166","article-title":"Cellular antioxidant activity (caa) assay for assessing antioxidants, foods, and dietary supplements","volume":"55","author":"Wolfe","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7449","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0207530","article-title":"Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common fruits","volume":"50","author":"Sun","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gironde, C., Rigal, M., Dufour, C., and Furger, C. (2020). Aop1, a new live cell assay for the direct and quantitative measure of intracellular antioxidant effects. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9060471"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-008-9067-7","article-title":"Review of methods to determine antioxidant capacities","volume":"2","author":"Karadag","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.11.009","article-title":"A universally calibrated microplate ferric reducing antioxidant power (frap) assay for foods and applications to manuka honey","volume":"174","author":"Henderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2006.01.003","article-title":"Comparison of abts, dpph, frap, and orac assays for estimating antioxidant activity from guava fruit extracts","volume":"19","author":"Thaipong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2010.190","article-title":"The epidemiology of urinary tract infection","volume":"7","author":"Foxman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201020666181206104129","article-title":"Cranberry consumption against urinary tract infections: Clinical stateof- the-art and future perspectives","volume":"19","author":"Mantzorou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7645","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO01198F","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study to assess bacterial anti-adhesive activity in human urine following consumption of a cranberry supplement","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"1215","article-title":"Comparison of the anti-adhesion activity of three different cranberry extracts on uropathogenic p-fimbriated Escherichia coli: A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, ex vivo, acute study","volume":"10","author":"Howell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1039\/C4FO01018C","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the bacterial anti-adhesion effects of cranberry extract beverages","volume":"6","author":"Kaspar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/115086","article-title":"Microbiological, antioxidant and lipoxygenase-1 inhibitory activities of fruit extracts of chosen rosaceae family species","volume":"29","author":"Hendrich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/11\/7\/1234\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:38:47Z","timestamp":1760139527000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/11\/7\/1234"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox11071234"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox11071234","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]}}}