{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T11:22:25Z","timestamp":1780917745459,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Uni\u00f3n Europea","award":["PI18\/00645"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/00645"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Uni\u00f3n Europea","award":["PI21\/00592"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00592"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent studies have revealed that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) increases the analgesic actions of the \u03b4-opioid receptor (DOR) in inflammatory pain. However, the possible improvement of the analgesia of \u03bc-opioid receptor (MOR) and DOR agonists during neuropathic pain, through pretreatment with two slow-releasing H2S donors\u2014DADS (diallyl disulfide) and GYY4137 (morpholin-4-ium 4-methoxyphenyl(morpholino) phosphinodithioate dichloromethane complex)\u2014is still unknown. In male C57BL\/6J mice with neuropathic pain incited by chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve (CCI), we evaluated: (1) the influence of DADS (3.5 mg\/kg) and GYY4137 (0.7 mg\/kg) on the inhibition of the allodynia and hyperalgesia produced by the systemic or local administration of morphine (3 mg\/kg or 65 \u00b5g) and UFP-512 (1 mg\/kg or 12.5 \u00b5g); (2) the reversion of the antinociceptive actions of high doses of DADS (30 mg\/kg) and GYY4137 (24 mg\/kg) with MOR and DOR antagonists; and (3) the effects of H2S donors on oxidative stress, apoptotic responses, and MOR and DOR expression in the medial septum (MS) and dorsal root ganglia (DRG). The results revealed that both DADS and GYY4137 improved the antiallodynic effects of morphine and UFP-512, possibly by up-regulating MOR and DOR expression in DRG. The administration of MOR and DOR antagonists blocked the analgesic properties of DADS and GYY4137, revealing the feasible participation of the endogenous opioid system in H2S analgesic effects. Moreover, both H2S donors inhibited oxidative stress and apoptosis generated by CCI in the MS and\/or DRG. This study suggests the co-treatment of H2S donors with MOR or DOR agonists as a potential therapy for neuropathic pain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11071321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T11:15:05Z","timestamp":1656933305000},"page":"1321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Hydrogen Sulfide Increases the Analgesic Effects of \u00b5- and \u03b4-Opioid Receptors during Neuropathic Pain: Pathways Implicated"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7283-3189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xue","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grup de Neurofarmacologia Molecular, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e8dica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Grup de Neurofarmacologia Molecular, Institut de Neuroci\u00e8ncies, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard","family":"Batall\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grup de Neurofarmacologia Molecular, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e8dica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Grup de Neurofarmacologia Molecular, Institut de Neuroci\u00e8ncies, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4437-6096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Balboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pharmaceutical, Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4621-8457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Pol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grup de Neurofarmacologia Molecular, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e8dica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Grup de Neurofarmacologia Molecular, Institut de Neuroci\u00e8ncies, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-208002","article-title":"Peripheral neuropathic pain","volume":"47","author":"Murphy","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1584950","article-title":"Neuropathic Pain","volume":"36","author":"Baron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001365","article-title":"The IASP classification of chronic pain for ICD-11: Chronic neuropathic pain","volume":"160","author":"Scholz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2018.08.005","article-title":"Pharmacological treatments of neuropathic pain: The latest recommendations","volume":"175","author":"Attal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2058738419838383","article-title":"The neuropathic pain: An overview of the current treatment and future therapeutic approaches","volume":"33","author":"Cavalli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.12.011","article-title":"Cellular and subcellular oxidative stress parameters following severe spinal cord injury","volume":"8","author":"Visavadiya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2021.136087","article-title":"Mini-Review: Mitochondrial dysfunction and chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain","volume":"760","author":"Doyle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05292","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"443","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2016.1251711","article-title":"Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction-linked neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"39","author":"Islam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1608-z","article-title":"The link between chronic pain and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000711","article-title":"Pain in Parkinson\u2019s disease: New concepts in pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"32","author":"Rukavina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12376","article-title":"Huntington\u2019s Disease: Prevalence and Psychological Indicators of Pain","volume":"4","author":"Underwood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ES93","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2012\/15\/ES93","article-title":"Opioids and neuropathic pain","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2018.1516204","article-title":"New concepts in opioid analgesia","volume":"27","author":"Stein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000324","article-title":"Peripheral nerve injury reduces analgesic effects of systemic morphine via spinal 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptors","volume":"121","author":"Kimura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.12.006","article-title":"Local peripheral opioid effects and expression of opioid genes in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia in neuropathic and inflammatory pain","volume":"141","author":"Obara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.01151","article-title":"Peripheral Deltorphin II Inhibits Nociceptors Following Nerve Injury","volume":"11","author":"Joukal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00283","article-title":"Treatment With the Delta Opioid Agonist UFP-512 Alleviates Chronic Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain: Mechanisms Implicated","volume":"10","author":"Polo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-79090-7_14","article-title":"Opioids and sensory nerves","volume":"194","author":"Stein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porta, A., Rodr\u00edguez, L., Bai, X., Batall\u00e9, G., Roch, G., Pouso-V\u00e1zquez, E., Balboni, G., and Pol, O. (2021). Hydrogen Sulfide Inhibits Inflammatory Pain and Enhances the Analgesic Properties of Delta Opioid Receptors. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10121977"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2017.11.019","article-title":"Gas transmitter hydrogen sulfide signaling in neuronal health and disease","volume":"149","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.4612","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide in biochemistry and medicine","volume":"17","author":"Predmore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, X., Batall\u00e9, G., and Pol, O. (2021). The Anxiolytic and Antidepressant Effects of Diallyl Disulfide and GYY4137 in Animals with Chronic Neuropathic Pain. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10071074"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batall\u00e9, G., Bai, X., Pouso-V\u00e1zquez, E., Roch, G., Rodr\u00edguez, L., and Pol, O. (2021). The Recovery of Cognitive and Affective Deficiencies Linked with Chronic Osteoarthritis Pain and Implicated Pathways by Slow-Releasing Hydrogen Sulfide Treatment. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10101632"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz012","article-title":"Unique Characteristics of the Dorsal Root Ganglion as a Target for Neuromodulation","volume":"20","author":"Esposito","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12413","article-title":"The role of the dorsal root ganglion in the development of neuropathic pain","volume":"15","author":"Krames","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2016.07.017","article-title":"The forebrain medial septal region and nociception","volume":"138","author":"Ang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11892","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30177-3","article-title":"Forebrain medial septum sustains experimental neuropathic pain","volume":"8","author":"Ariffin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318286d085","article-title":"Treatment with carbon monoxide-releasing molecules and an HO-1 inducer enhances the effects and expression of \u03bc-opioid receptors during neuropathic pain","volume":"118","author":"Hervera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0270(94)90144-9","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of tactile allodynia in the rat paw","volume":"53","author":"Chaplan","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(88)90026-7","article-title":"A new and sensitive method for measuring thermal nociception in cutaneous hyperalgesia","volume":"32","author":"Hargreaves","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-7-25","article-title":"Peripheral effects of morphine and expression of \u03bc-opioid receptors in the dorsal root ganglia during neuropathic pain: Nitric oxide signaling","volume":"7","author":"Hervera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.04.029","article-title":"Effects of natural and synthetic isothiocyanate-based H2S-releasers against chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain: Role of Kv7 potassium channels","volume":"121","author":"Lucarini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5556","DOI":"10.1021\/jm020336e","article-title":"Potent delta-opioid receptor agonists containing the Dmt-Tic pharmacophore","volume":"45","author":"Balboni","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21726","article-title":"The role of carbon monoxide, heme oxygenase 1, and the Nrf2 transcription factor in the modulation of chronic pain and their interactions with opioids and cannabinoids","volume":"41","author":"Pol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370220918193","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide attenuates diabetic neuropathic pain through NO\/cGMP\/PKG pathway and \u03bc-opioid receptor","volume":"245","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-6-36","article-title":"Hydrogen sulphide induces mu opioid receptor-dependent analgesia in a rodent model of visceral pain","volume":"6","author":"Distrutti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00095","article-title":"Neuropathic Pain: Delving into the Oxidative Origin and the Possible Implication of Transient Receptor Potential Channels","volume":"9","author":"Carrasco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2011.01.004","article-title":"Evidence for cellular injury in the midbrain of rats following chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve","volume":"41","author":"Mor","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2013.138","article-title":"Cell death and diseases related to oxidative stress:4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) in the balance","volume":"20","author":"Dalleau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251ra118","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009539","article-title":"Aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 regulates nociception in rodent models of acute inflammatory pain","volume":"6","author":"Zambelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.314312","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of Alda-1 mitigate spinal cord injury in mice: Involvement of Alda-1-induced ALDH2 activation-mediated suppression of reactive aldehyde mechanisms","volume":"17","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, B.B., H\u00f6sch, N.G., Alcantara, Q.A., Budas, G.R., Chen, C.H., Mochly-Rosen, D., Ferreira, J., and Zambelli, V.O. (2021). Activation of PKC\u03b5-ALDH2 Axis Prevents 4-HNE-Induced Pain in Mice. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11121798"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13519","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705923104","article-title":"4-Hydroxynonenal, an endogenous aldehyde, causes pain and neurogenic inflammation through activation of the irritant receptor TRPA1","volume":"104","author":"Trevisani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basu, P., Averitt, D.L., Maier, C., and Basu, A. (2022). The Effects of Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2 (NFE2)-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) Activation in Preclinical Models of Peripheral Neuropathic Pain. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020430"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01332","article-title":"Sulforaphane Inhibited the Nociceptive Responses, Anxiety- and Depressive-Like Behaviors Associated With Neuropathic Pain and Improved the Anti-allodynic Effects of Morphine in Mice","volume":"9","author":"Redondo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2009.35","article-title":"Principles and clinical implications of the brain-gut-enteric microbiota axis","volume":"6","author":"Rhee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2018","article-title":"The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis","volume":"99","author":"Cryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2022.105773","article-title":"Role of gut microbiota in neuropathy and neuropathic pain states: A systematic preclinical review","volume":"170","author":"Pane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118865","article-title":"Spinal cord injury and gut microbiota: A review","volume":"266","author":"Jing","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14451","article-title":"Systematic review: Human gut dysbiosis induced by non-antibiotic prescription medications","volume":"47","author":"Chapelet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-021-00765-y","article-title":"Alterations in the gut microbiota and metabolite profiles in the context of neuropathic pain","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-161141","article-title":"The Gut Microbiota and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"58","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3769","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2550-9","article-title":"Microbiome, probiotics and neurodegenerative diseases: Deciphering the gut brain axis","volume":"74","author":"Westfall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759679","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.759679","article-title":"Neuro-Immunity and Gut Dysbiosis Drive Parkinson\u2019s Disease-Induced Pain","volume":"12","author":"Roversi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5026","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-020-02073-3","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and Dysbiosis in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Implications for Pathogenesis and Treatment","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1494-4","article-title":"Antibiotics, gut microbiota, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Angelucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gazerani, P. (2019). Probiotics for Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20174121"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab156","article-title":"The role of gut dysbiosis in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic options","volume":"144","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27998","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.25524","article-title":"Probiotic DSF counteracts chemotherapy induced neuropathic pain","volume":"9","author":"Castelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-01170-x","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulates neuropathic pain: Potential mechanisms and therapeutic strategy","volume":"21","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000005155","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Influences Neuropathic Pain Through Modulating Proinflammatory and Anti-inflammatory T Cells","volume":"132","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000345","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide protects from colitis and restores intestinal microbiota biofilm and mucus production","volume":"21","author":"Motta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G143","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00249.2017","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide: An agent of stability at the microbiome-mucosa interface","volume":"314","author":"Wallace","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, J., Yu, H., Ma, J., Wang, J., Banerjee, S., Charboneau, R., Barke, R.A., and Roy, S. (2013). Morphine induces bacterial translocation in mice by compromising intestinal barrier function in a TLR-dependent manner. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054040"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946368","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1946368","article-title":"Chronic opioid use modulates human enteric microbiota and intestinal barrier integrity","volume":"13","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/11\/7\/1321\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:42:45Z","timestamp":1760139765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/11\/7\/1321"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox11071321"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox11071321","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]]}}}