{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T05:15:21Z","timestamp":1792818921082,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81825009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81825009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFF1201103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFF1201103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-I2M-5-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-I2M-5-006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-NKX-XM-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-NKX-XM-12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BMU2020KCL001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMU2020KCL001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81825009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81825009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFF1201103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFF1201103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-I2M-5-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-I2M-5-006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-NKX-XM-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-NKX-XM-12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BMU2020KCL001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMU2020KCL001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit","award":["81825009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81825009"]}]},{"name":"Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit","award":["2021YFF1201103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFF1201103"]}]},{"name":"Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit","award":["2019-I2M-5-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-I2M-5-006"]}]},{"name":"Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit","award":["2020-NKX-XM-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-NKX-XM-12"]}]},{"name":"Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit","award":["BMU2020KCL001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMU2020KCL001"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Institute for Brain Research at Beijing","award":["81825009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81825009"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Institute for Brain Research at Beijing","award":["2021YFF1201103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFF1201103"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Institute for Brain Research at Beijing","award":["2019-I2M-5-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-I2M-5-006"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Institute for Brain Research at Beijing","award":["2020-NKX-XM-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-NKX-XM-12"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Institute for Brain Research at Beijing","award":["BMU2020KCL001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMU2020KCL001"]}]},{"name":"PKUHSC-KCL Joint Medical Research","award":["81825009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81825009"]}]},{"name":"PKUHSC-KCL Joint Medical Research","award":["2021YFF1201103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFF1201103"]}]},{"name":"PKUHSC-KCL Joint Medical Research","award":["2019-I2M-5-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-I2M-5-006"]}]},{"name":"PKUHSC-KCL Joint Medical Research","award":["2020-NKX-XM-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-NKX-XM-12"]}]},{"name":"PKUHSC-KCL Joint Medical Research","award":["BMU2020KCL001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMU2020KCL001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Observational studies have shown that oxidative stress is highly related to psychiatric disorders, while its cause\u2013effect remains unclear. To this end, a Mendelian randomization study was performed to investigate the causal relationship between oxidative stress and psychiatric disorders. On the one hand, all causal effects of oxidative stress injury biomarkers (OSIB) on psychiatric disorders were not significant (p &gt; 0.0006), while the findings suggested that part of OSIB was nominally associated with the risk of psychiatric disorders (causal OR of uric acid (UA), 0.999 for bipolar disorder (BD), and 1.002 for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); OR of catalase was 0.903 for anorexia nervosa (AN); OR of albumin was 1.162 for autism; p &lt; 0.05). On the other hand, major depressive disorder (MDD) was significantly associated with decreased bilirubin (p = 2.67 \u00d7 10\u22124); ADHD was significantly associated with decreased ascorbate (p = 4.37 \u00d7 10\u22125). Furthermore, there were also some suggestively causal effects of psychiatric disorders on OSIB (BD on decreased UA and increased retinol; MDD on increased UA and decreased ascorbate; schizophrenia on decreased UA, increased retinol and albumin; ADHD on increased UA, and decreased catalase, albumin, and bilirubin; AN on decreased UA). This work presented evidence of potential causal relationships between oxidative stress and psychiatric disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11071386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T11:32:23Z","timestamp":1658143943000},"page":"1386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Oxidative Stress and Psychiatric Disorders: Evidence from the Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1922-6686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhe","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengcheng","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuyanan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8096-3568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaoyao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yundan","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhewei","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyang","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihua","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"PKU-IDG\/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"},{"name":"Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32154-2","article-title":"Erratum: Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"390","author":"Carapetis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutkowy, P., Wo\u017aniak, A., Mila-Kierzenkowska, C., Szewczyk-Golec, K., Weso\u0142owski, R., Paw\u0142owska, M., and Nuszkiewicz, J. (2021). Physical Activity vs. Redox Balance in the Brain: Brain Health, Aging and Diseases. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11010095"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4743","DOI":"10.1021\/bi300478w","article-title":"\u03b3-Synuclein: Seeding of \u03b1-synuclein aggregation and transmission between cells","volume":"51","author":"Surgucheva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956792","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/956792","article-title":"Achieving the balance between ROS and antioxidants: When to use the synthetic antioxidants","volume":"2013","author":"Poljsak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2006.07.001","article-title":"Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease","volume":"39","author":"Valko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2015.04.040","article-title":"The role of antioxidants in the chemistry of oxidative stress: A review","volume":"97","author":"Pisoschi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-010-0013-8","article-title":"A meta-analysis of oxidative stress markers in schizophrenia","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sby125","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in First-Episode Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Fraguas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119845820","article-title":"Glutathione levels and activities of glutathione metabolism enzymes in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Tsugawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12980","article-title":"Oxidative stress parameters and antioxidants in patients with bipolar disorder: Results from a meta-analysis comparing patients, including stratification by polarity and euthymic status, with healthy controls","volume":"23","author":"Gurpegui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.04.005","article-title":"An updated meta-analysis of oxidative stress markers in bipolar disorder","volume":"218","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, T., Zhong, S., Liao, X., Chen, J., He, T., Lai, S., and Jia, Y. (2015). A Meta-Analysis of Oxidative Stress Markers in Depression. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138904"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.14r09179","article-title":"Oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters in patients with major depressive disorder compared to healthy controls before and after antidepressant treatment: Results from a meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Gurpegui","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13026","article-title":"Oxidative and nitrosative stress markers in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"139","author":"Maia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22443","article-title":"Oxidative stress and antioxidant levels in patients with anorexia nervosa: A systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Solmi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2420","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Levels in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa after Oral Re-alimentation: A Systematic Review and Exploratory Meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Solmi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"CD008919","article-title":"Antioxidant treatments for schizophrenia","volume":"2","author":"Dean","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107520","article-title":"Oxidation-reduction mechanisms in psychiatric disorders: A novel target for pharmacological intervention","volume":"210","author":"Rossetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030656","article-title":"Vitamin E, Alpha-Tocopherol, and Its Effects on Depression and Anxiety: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2021.110476","article-title":"Antioxidant interventions in autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis","volume":"113","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3034","article-title":"Mendelian randomization: Using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology","volume":"27","author":"Lawlor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw127","article-title":"Commentary: Two-sample Mendelian randomization: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"45","author":"Lawlor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0175-2","article-title":"Genomic atlas of the human plasma proteome","volume":"558","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2982","article-title":"An atlas of genetic influences on human blood metabolites","volume":"46","author":"Shin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34408","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34408","article-title":"The MR-Base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome","volume":"7","author":"Hemani","year":"2018","journal-title":"elife"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (2014). Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci. Nature, 511, 421\u2013427.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13595"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0397-8","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifies 30 loci associated with bipolar disorder","volume":"51","author":"Stahl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0326-7","article-title":"Genome-wide meta-analysis of depression identifies 102 independent variants and highlights the importance of the prefrontal brain regions","volume":"22","author":"Howard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0344-8","article-title":"Identification of common genetic risk variants for autism spectrum disorder","volume":"51","author":"Grove","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.11.026","article-title":"A Genetic Investigation of Sex Bias in the Prevalence of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"83","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Foundation Genetics Collaborative (IOCDF-GC), and OCD Collaborative Genetics Association Studies (OCGAS) (2018). Revealing the complex genetic architecture of obsessive-compulsive disorder using meta-analysis. Mol. Psychiatry, 23, 1181\u20131188.","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.154"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.16121402","article-title":"Significant Locus and Metabolic Genetic Correlations Revealed in Genome-Wide Association Study of Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"174","author":"Duncan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02317-2","article-title":"Causal associations between risk factors and common diseases inferred from GWAS summary data","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Liang, S., Bai, Y., Lin, J., Li, M., Mo, Z., Xie, S., Huang, S., and Long, J. (2022). Serum uric acid is not associated with major depressive disorder in European and South American populations: A meta-analysis and two-sample bidirectional Mendelian Randomization study. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-022-01165-8"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3729","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-021-05718-3","article-title":"Genetically predicted serum urate levels have no causal role on depression or other psychiatric disorders","volume":"40","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribaudo, G., Bortoli, M., Pavan, C., Zagotto, G., and Orian, L. (2020). Antioxidant Potential of Psychotropic Drugs: From Clinical Evidence to In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment and toward a New Challenge for in Silico Molecular Design. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9080714"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20672","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of nutrient supplements in the treatment of mental disorders: A meta-review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials","volume":"18","author":"Firth","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X11666131120230309","article-title":"Oxidative stress and psychological disorders","volume":"12","author":"Salim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_80_18","article-title":"Relationship between Antioxidant Status and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children","volume":"10","author":"Nasim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-012-9335-5","article-title":"Methylphenidate induces lipid and protein damage in prefrontal cortex, but not in cerebellum, striatum and hippocampus of juvenile rats","volume":"27","author":"Schmitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.116.237503","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and the Central Nervous System","volume":"360","author":"Salim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1543","article-title":"Purinergic dysfunction in mania: An integrative model","volume":"58","author":"Lara","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.02.024","article-title":"Impulsivity is associated with uric acid: Evidence from humans and mice","volume":"75","author":"Sutin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Z., Wen, T., Wang, Y., Kan, W., and Xun, G. (2020). Peripheral non-enzymatic antioxidants in patients with schizophrenia: A case-control study. BMC Psychiatry, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02635-8"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18307","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97955-4","article-title":"Individuals with bipolar disorder have a higher level of uric acid than major depressive disorder: A case-control study","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.09.021","article-title":"From dried bear bile to molecular investigation: A systematic review of the effect of bile acids on cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain, across pre-clinical models of neurological, neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"99","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7527","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87096-z","article-title":"Plasma bilirubin levels are reduced in first-episode psychosis patients and associates to working memory and duration of untreated psychosis","volume":"11","author":"Orhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852919001251","article-title":"UGT1A1 mutations and psychoses: Towards understanding the relationship with unconjugated bilirubin","volume":"26","author":"Bentivegna","year":"2021","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0566-2","article-title":"The role of the retinoids in schizophrenia: Genomic and clinical perspectives","volume":"25","author":"Reay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1","article-title":"Functional role of ascorbic acid in the central nervous system: A focus on neurogenic and synaptogenic processes","volume":"8","author":"Moretti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/11\/7\/1386\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:52:52Z","timestamp":1760140372000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/11\/7\/1386"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox11071386"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox11071386","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]}}}