{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T20:21:55Z","timestamp":1773519715235,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan","award":["JP21K20954"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21K20954"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan","award":["JP22K16591"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22K16591"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Doxorubicin (DOX) induces dose-dependent cardiotoxicity via oxidative stress and abnormal mitochondrial function in the myocardium. Therefore, a noninvasive in vivo imaging procedure for monitoring the redox status of the heart may aid in monitoring diseases and developing treatments. However, an appropriate technique has yet to be developed. In this study, we demonstrate a technique for detecting and visualizing the redox status of the heart using in vivo dynamic nuclear polarization\u2013magnetic resonance imaging (DNP\u2013MRI) with 3-carbamoyl-PROXYL (CmP) as a molecular imaging probe. Male C57BL\/6N mice were administered DOX (20 mg\/kg) or saline. DNP\u2013MRI clearly showed a slower DNP signal reduction in the DOX group than in the control group. Importantly, the difference in the DNP signal reduction rate between the two groups occurred earlier than that detected by physiological examination or clinical symptoms. In an in vitro experiment, KCN (an inhibitor of complex IV in the mitochondrial electron transport chain) and DOX inhibited the electron paramagnetic resonance change in H9c2 cardiomyocytes, suggesting that the redox metabolism of CmP in the myocardium is mitochondrion-dependent. Therefore, this molecular imaging technique has the potential to monitor the dynamics of redox metabolic changes in DOX-induced cardiomyopathy and facilitate an early diagnosis of this condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11081454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T22:03:42Z","timestamp":1658873022000},"page":"1454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Noninvasive Diagnosis of the Mitochondrial Function of Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyopathy Using In Vivo Dynamic Nuclear Polarization\u2013Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4107-4156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukie","family":"Mizuta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Operating Rooms, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomohiko","family":"Akahoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hinako","family":"Eto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fuminori","family":"Hyodo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Frontier Science for Imaging, School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1194, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masaharu","family":"Murata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8353-1824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kentaro","family":"Tokuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu 874-0838, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3312-9930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masatoshi","family":"Eto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9392-1746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ken","family":"Yamaura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199809243391307","article-title":"Doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy","volume":"339","author":"Singal","year":"1998","journal-title":"N. 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