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To evaluate the impact of hypothermia on the freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), an 8-day experiment was conducted at 25 \u00b0C (control group, Con), 18 \u00b0C (LT18), and 10 \u00b0C (LT10) for 0 h, 8 h, 1 d, 2 d, and 8 d. Antioxidant and non-specific immune parameters reveal hypothermia induced oxidative stress and immunosuppression. Liver ultrastructure alterations indicate hypothermia induced mitochondrial enlargement, nucleoli aggregation, and lipid droplet accumulation under hypothermia exposure. With the analysis of the transcriptome, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) induced by hypothermia were mainly involved in metabolism, immunity and inflammation, programmed cell death, and disease. Furthermore, the inflammatory response and apoptosis were evoked by hypothermia exposure in different immune organs. Interactively, apoptosis and inflammation in immune organs were correlated with antioxidation and immunity suppression induced by hypothermia exposure. In conclusion, these results suggest hypothermia-induced inflammation and apoptosis, which might be the adaptive mechanism of antioxidation and immunity in the freshwater drum. These findings contribute to helping us better understand how freshwater drum adjust to hypothermia stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11091657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,28]],"date-time":"2022-08-28T21:22:56Z","timestamp":1661721776000},"page":"1657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Hypothermia-Mediated Apoptosis and Inflammation Contribute to Antioxidant and Immune Adaption in Freshwater Drum, Aplodinotus grunniens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jianxiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongxia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, 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