{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T09:24:14Z","timestamp":1791537854092,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,25]],"date-time":"2022-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"US Department of Defense","award":["W81XWH-15-C-0117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-15-C-0117"]}]},{"name":"US Department of Defense","award":["JW140032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JW140032"]}]},{"name":"US Department of Defense","award":["P20GM109005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM109005"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health Center of Biological Research Excellence","award":["W81XWH-15-C-0117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-15-C-0117"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health Center of Biological Research Excellence","award":["JW140032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JW140032"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health Center of Biological Research Excellence","award":["P20GM109005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM109005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exposure to high doses of radiation, accidental or therapeutic, often results in gastrointestinal (GI) injury. To date, there are no therapies available to mitigate GI injury after radiation exposure. Gamma-tocotrienol (GT3) is a promising radioprotector under investigation in nonhuman primates (NHP). We have shown that GT3 has radioprotective function in intestinal epithelial and crypt cells in NHPs exposed to 12 Gy total-body irradiation (TBI). Here, we determined GT3 potential in accelerating the GI recovery in partial-body irradiated (PBI) NHPs using X-rays, sparing 5% bone marrow. Sixteen rhesus macaques were treated with either vehicle or GT3 24 h prior to 12 Gy PBI. Structural injuries and crypt survival were examined in proximal jejunum on days 4 and 7. Plasma citrulline was assessed using liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS). Crypt cell proliferation and apoptotic cell death were evaluated using Ki-67 and TUNEL staining. PBI significantly decreased mucosal surface area and reduced villous height. Interestingly, GT3 increased crypt survival and enhanced stem cell proliferation at day 4; however, the effects seemed to be minimized by day 7. GT3 did not ameliorate a radiation-induced decrease in citrulline levels. These data suggest that X-rays induce severe intestinal injury post-PBI and that GT3 has minimal radioprotective effect in this novel model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11101895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,25]],"date-time":"2022-09-25T21:14:28Z","timestamp":1664140468000},"page":"1895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Effects of Gamma-Tocotrienol on Partial-Body Irradiation-Induced Intestinal Injury in a Nonhuman Primate Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4631-537X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarita","family":"Garg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1948-0617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarun K.","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UAMS Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6543-3219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle R.","family":"Miousse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen Y.","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radioprotectants, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, F. Edward H\u00e9bert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"},{"name":"Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7942-2497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oluseyi O.","family":"Fatanmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radioprotectants, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, F. Edward H\u00e9bert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"},{"name":"Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alena V.","family":"Savenka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexei G.","family":"Basnakian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"},{"name":"John L. McClellan Memorial VA Hospital, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6631-3849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijay K.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radioprotectants, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, F. Edward H\u00e9bert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"},{"name":"Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1776-4325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Hauer-Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra000365","article-title":"Major radiation exposure\u2014What to expect and how to respond","volume":"346","author":"Mettler","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. 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