{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:01:14Z","timestamp":1790622074568,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]],"date-time":"2022-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008781","name":"Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FSN-322-04\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FSN-322-04\/21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008781","name":"Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WNoZ-322-01\/S\/19\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WNoZ-322-01\/S\/19\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Our research was designed to verify the relationship between male infertility, basic semen characteristics (with respect to detailed sperm morphology), sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF), oxidation-reduction potential in semen (ORP), and leukocytospermia. The obtained results showed that infertile groups (with or without leukocytospermia) had significantly lower basic semen characteristics and higher SDF, raw ORP, and static ORP (sORP) than fertile controls. The thresholds of 13% SDF (AUC = 0.733) and 1.40 sORP (AUC = 0.857) were predictive values for discriminating infertile from fertile men. In infertile groups, a higher prevalence and risk for &gt;13% SDF and &gt;1.40 sORP were revealed. Unexpectedly, leukocytospermic subjects had lower sORP, prevalence, and risk for &gt;1.40 sORP than leukocytospermic-negative men. These groups did not differ in SDF and raw ORP. Both SDF and sORP negatively correlated with basic semen parameters but positively correlated with sperm head and midpiece defects. sORP positively correlated with sperm tail defects, immature sperm cells with excess residual cytoplasm, and SDF. In turn, raw ORP negatively correlated with sperm count but positively correlated with SDF and sORP. These findings indicate that (1) there is a relationship between male infertility, SDF, and OS in semen; (2) in infertile men, there is a clinically significant risk of SDF and OS irrespective of leukocytospermia; and (3) the assessment of SDF and oxidative stress should be independent of leukocytospermia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11101987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]],"date-time":"2022-10-07T22:47:27Z","timestamp":1665182847000},"page":"1987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Male Infertility Coexists with Decreased Sperm Genomic Integrity and Oxidative Stress in Semen Irrespective of Leukocytospermia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1655-5065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Gill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6595-8250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Machalowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 72-010 Police, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patryk","family":"Harasny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Kups","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Oncological Urology, Regional Specialist Hospital in Szczecin, 71-455 Szczecin, Poland"},{"name":"The Fertility Partnership Vitrolive in Szczecin, 70-483 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Grabowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Duchnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aesthetic Dermatology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olimpia","family":"Sipak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Pathology of Pregnancy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1212-4230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Fraczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3275-3245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Kurpisz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafal","family":"Kurzawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fertility Partnership Vitrolive in Szczecin, 70-483 Szczecin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5914-2121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Piasecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-015-0032-1","article-title":"A Unique View on Male Infertility around the Globe","volume":"13","author":"Agarwal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. 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