{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T21:39:12Z","timestamp":1778708352324,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFA0805902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFA0805902"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32002179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32002179"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YQ2020C007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YQ2020C007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFA0805902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFA0805902"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32002179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32002179"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YQ2020C007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YQ2020C007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Excellent Youth Project of Heilongjiang Province Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021YFA0805902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFA0805902"]}]},{"name":"Excellent Youth Project of Heilongjiang Province Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32002179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32002179"]}]},{"name":"Excellent Youth Project of Heilongjiang Province Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["YQ2020C007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YQ2020C007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tannin (TA) improves porcine oocyte cytoplasmic maturation and subsequent embryonic development after in vitro fertilization (IVF). However, the mechanism through which TA blocks polyspermy after IVF remains unclear. Hence, the biological function of organelles (cortical granule [CG], Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum [ER], and mitochondria) and the incidence of polyspermic penetration were examined. We found no significant difference in oocyte nuclear maturation among the 1 \u00b5g\/mL, 10 \u00b5g\/mL TA, and control groups. Moreover, 100 \u03bcg\/mL TA significantly reduced 1st polar body formation rate compared to the other groups. Additionally, 1 and 10 \u03bcg\/mL TA significantly increased the protein levels of GDF9, BMP15, and CDK1 compared to the control and 100 \u03bcg\/mL TA groups. Interestingly, 1 and 10 \u03bcg\/mL TA improved the normal distribution of CGs, Golgi, ER, and mitochondria by upregulating organelle-related gene expression and downregulating ER stress (CHOP) gene expression. Simultaneously, 1 and 10 \u03bcg\/mL TA significantly increased the proportion of normal fertilized oocytes (2 pronuclei; 2 PN) and blastocyst formation rate compared to the control, as well as that of 100 \u03bcg\/mL TA after IVF by upregulating polyspermy-related genes. In conclusion, TA during IVM enhances 2PN and blastocyst formation rates by regulating organelles\u2019 functions and activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11102027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,16]],"date-time":"2022-10-16T21:10:10Z","timestamp":1665954610000},"page":"2027","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Tannin Reduces the Incidence of Polyspermic Penetration in Porcine Oocytes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jing-Tao","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia-Hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xi-Qing","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin-Dong","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin-Yue","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1265-3821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanghoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9199-6493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhong-Hua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0932-2105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun-Xue","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, J.X., Sun, J.T., Jiang, C.Q., Cui, H.D., Bian, Y., Lee, S., Zhang, L., Lee, B.C., and Liu, Z.H. (2022). Melatonin Regulates Lipid Metabolism in Porcine Cumulus-Oocyte Complexes via the Melatonin Receptor 2. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11040687"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod61.5.1362","article-title":"Nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of mouse oocytes after treatment with synthetic meiosis-activating sterol in vitro","volume":"61","author":"Kuhnke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2013.10.016","article-title":"Behaviour of cytoplasmic organelles and cytoskeleton during oocyte maturation","volume":"28","author":"Mao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2006-432","article-title":"Oocyte cytoplasmic maturation: A key mediator of oocyte and embryo developmental competence","volume":"85","author":"Watson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2157","DOI":"10.21859\/ijb.2157","article-title":"In vitro versus In vivo: Development-, Apoptosis-, and Implantation- Related Gene Expression in Mouse Blastocyst","volume":"17","author":"Mahdavinezhad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13401","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.13401","article-title":"Selection based on morphological features of porcine embryos produced by in vitro fertilization: Timing of early cleavages and the effect of polyspermy","volume":"91","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1980.tb00955.x","article-title":"A cytogenetic study of 1000 spontaneous abortions","volume":"44","author":"Hassold","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.12327","article-title":"A new rolling culture-based in vitro fertilization system capable of reducing polyspermy in porcine oocytes","volume":"86","author":"Kitaji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.1080260413","article-title":"Effect of oviduct cells on the incidence of polyspermy in pig eggs fertilized in vitro","volume":"26","author":"Nagai","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.10345","article-title":"In vitro fertilization and polyspermy in the pig: Factors affecting fertilization rates and cytoskeletal reorganization of the oocyte","volume":"61","author":"Suzuki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.106.052589","article-title":"Osteopontin reduces polyspermy during in vitro fertilization of porcine oocytes","volume":"75","author":"Hao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.2015-006","article-title":"The porcine sperm reservoir in relation to the function of hyaluronan","volume":"61","author":"Tienthai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, Z., Sun, J.T., Cui, H.D., Jiang, C.Q., Zhang, Y.T., Lee, S., Liu, Z.H., and Jin, J.X. (2021). Tannin Supplementation Improves Oocyte Cytoplasmic Maturation and Subsequent Embryo Development in Pigs. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10101594"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1080\/10408699891274273","article-title":"Tannins and human health: A review","volume":"38","author":"Chung","year":"1998","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9307","DOI":"10.1021\/jf401477c","article-title":"Tannin structural elucidation and quantitative (3)(1)P NMR analysis. 1. Model compounds","volume":"61","author":"Melone","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaczmarek, B. (2020). Tannic Acid with Antiviral and Antibacterial Activity as A Promising Component of Biomaterials-A Minireview. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13143224"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57932-9","article-title":"Tannic acid inhibits lipid metabolism and induce ROS in prostate cancer cells","volume":"10","author":"Nagesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20600","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77672-0","article-title":"Effect of different levels of hydrolysable tannin intake on the reproductive hormones and serum biochemical indices in healthy female rats","volume":"10","author":"Manzoor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2017.12.015","article-title":"Biological effects of polyphenol-rich extract and fractions from an oenological oak-derived tannin on in vitro swine sperm capacitation and fertilizing ability","volume":"108","author":"Spinaci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20190130","DOI":"10.1590\/1984-3143-ar2019-0130","article-title":"Improvement of in vitro fertilization by a tannin rich vegetal extract addition to frozen thawed boar sperm","volume":"17","author":"Galeati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6984","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26489","article-title":"A potential role of knockout serum replacement as a porcine follicular fluid substitute for in vitro maturation: Lipid metabolism approach","volume":"233","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12424","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12424","article-title":"Melatonin influences the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway in porcine cumulus oocyte complexes","volume":"63","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12445","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12445","article-title":"Melatonin improves the fertilization capacity and developmental ability of bovine oocytes by regulating cytoplasmic maturation events","volume":"64","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.07.023","article-title":"No single way to explain cytoplasmic maturation of oocytes from prepubertal and cyclic gilts","volume":"78","author":"Pawlak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12014","article-title":"Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum dynamic during meiotic development in canine oocytes","volume":"47","author":"Palomino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2015.12.008","article-title":"Mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA in porcine oocytes and cumulus cells--A search for developmental competence marker","volume":"27","author":"Pawlak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2015-9761","article-title":"Supplementation with spermine during in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes improves early embryonic development after parthenogenetic activation and somatic cell nuclear transfer","volume":"94","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12388","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12388","article-title":"Melatonin regulates lipid metabolism in porcine oocytes","volume":"62","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15306","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33550-4","article-title":"The consequences of porcine IVM medium supplementation with follicular fluid become reflected in embryo quality, yield and gene expression patterns","volume":"8","author":"Pawlak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmx040","article-title":"Acquisition of oocyte competence to develop as an embryo: Integrated nuclear and cytoplasmic events","volume":"24","author":"Conti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"81","article-title":"The biochemistry of oocyte maturation","volume":"41","author":"Downs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ernst Scher. Res. Found Workshop"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.94.013","article-title":"MPF-based meiotic cell cycle control: Half a century of lessons from starfish oocytes","volume":"94","author":"Kishimoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Jpn Acad. Ser. B Phys. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.21095","article-title":"Molecular characterization and polyadenylation-regulated expression of cyclin B1 and Cdc2 in porcine oocytes and early parthenotes","volume":"77","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654028","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.654028","article-title":"Mechanisms of Oocyte Maturation and Related Epigenetic Regulation","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2016.07.005","article-title":"Rab3A, a possible marker of cortical granules, participates in cortical granule exocytosis in mouse eggs","volume":"347","author":"Bello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Cell. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-9-149","article-title":"The biology and dynamics of mammalian cortical granules","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(56)90025-8","article-title":"Cortical granules in hamster eggs","volume":"10","author":"Austin","year":"1956","journal-title":"Exp. Cell. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201112094","article-title":"Ovastacin, a cortical granule protease, cleaves ZP2 in the zona pellucida to prevent polyspermy","volume":"197","author":"Burkart","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2021.07.025","article-title":"Effect of exogenous glutathione supplementation on the in vitro developmental competence of ovine oocytes","volume":"173","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"598","article-title":"Melatonin improves the fertilization ability of post-ovulatory aged mouse oocytes by stabilizing ovastacin and Juno to promote sperm binding and fusion","volume":"32","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13726","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13726","article-title":"Two pathways regulate cortical granule translocation to prevent polyspermy in mouse oocytes","volume":"7","author":"Cheeseman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3732","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.111534","article-title":"Binding of sperm protein Izumo1 and its egg receptor Juno drives Cd9 accumulation in the intercellular contact area prior to fusion during mammalian fertilization","volume":"141","author":"Chalbi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-015-2052-6","article-title":"The endoplasmic reticulum: Structure, function and response to cellular signaling","volume":"73","author":"Schwarz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru034","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress triggers ROS signalling, changes the redox state, and regulates the antioxidant defence of Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"65","author":"Ozgur","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, T., Lee, J.E., Kang, J.W., Shin, H.Y., Lee, J.B., and Jin, D.I. (2019). Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress and Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) in Mammalian Oocyte Maturation and Preimplantation Embryo Development. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20020409"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689826","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.689826","article-title":"Luteolin Orchestrates Porcine Oocyte Meiotic Progression by Maintaining Organelle Dynamics Under Oxidative Stress","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1210638","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress induces calcium-dependent permeability transition, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization and apoptosis","volume":"27","author":"Deniaud","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.110.085647","article-title":"Preparation of the cortical reaction: Maturation-dependent migration of SNARE proteins, clathrin, and complexin to the porcine oocyte\u2019s surface blocks membrane traffic until fertilization","volume":"84","author":"Tsai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101378","article-title":"Mitochondria: Their relevance during oocyte ageing","volume":"70","author":"Cecchino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/11\/10\/2027\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:54:00Z","timestamp":1760144040000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/11\/10\/2027"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox11102027"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox11102027","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]}}}