{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:14:02Z","timestamp":1790741642218,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is an enigmatic neurodegenerative disorder that is currently the subject of extensive research approaches aiming at deepening the understanding of its etiopathophysiology. Recent data suggest that distinct compounds used either as anticonvulsants or agents usually used as dopaminergic agonists or supplements consisting of live active lactic acid bacteria strains might alleviate and improve PD-related phenotypes. This is why we aimed to elucidate how the administration of rotenone (ROT) disrupts homeostasis and the possible neuroactive potential of valproic acid (VPA), antiparkinsonian agents (levodopa and carbidopa \u2013 LEV+CARB), and a mixture of six Lactobacillus and three Bifidobacterium species (PROBIO) might re-establish the optimal internal parameters. ROT causes significant changes in the central nervous system (CNS), notably reduced neurogenesis and angiogenesis, by triggering apoptosis, reflected by the increased expression of PARKIN and PINK1 gene(s), low brain dopamine (DA) levels, and as opposed to LRRK2 and SNCA compared with healthy zebrafish. VPA, LEV\/CARB, and PROBIO sustain neurogenesis and angiogenesis, manifesting a neuroprotective role in diminishing the effect of ROT in zebrafish. Interestingly, none of the tested compounds influenced oxidative stress (OS), as reflected by the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymatic activity revealed in non-ROT-exposed zebrafish. Overall, the selected concentrations were enough to trigger particular behavioral patterns as reflected by our parameters of interest (swimming distance (mm), velocity (mm\/s), and freezing episodes (s)), but sequential testing is mandatory to decipher whether they exert an inhibitory role following ROT exposure. In this way, we further offer data into how ROT may trigger a PD-related phenotype and the possible beneficial role of VPA, LEV+CARB, and PROBIO in re-establishing homeostasis in Danio rerio.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11102040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T03:43:58Z","timestamp":1665978238000},"page":"2040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Assessing the Neurotoxicity of a Sub-Optimal Dose of Rotenone in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) and the Possible Neuroactive Potential of Valproic Acid, Combination of Levodopa and Carbidopa, and Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4023-1765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ovidiu-Dumitru","family":"Ilie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, \u201cAlexandru Ioan Cuza\u201d University, Carol I Avenue, no 20A, 700505 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raluca","family":"Duta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, \u201cAlexandru Ioan Cuza\u201d University, Carol I Avenue, no 20A, 700505 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioana-Miruna","family":"Balmus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exact and Natural Sciences, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, \u201cAlexandru Ioan Cuza\u201d University, Carol I Avenue, no 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, \u201cAlexandru Ioan Cuza\u201d University, Carol I Avenue, 20A, 700506 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2030-1436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Savuca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Geosciences, Faculty of Geography-Geology, \u201cAlexandru Ioan Cuza\u201d University, Carol I Avenue, no 20A, 700505 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6349-2423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Petrovici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cIon Ionescu de la Brad\u201d, Mihail Sadoveanu Street, no 3, 700490 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilinca-Bianca","family":"Nita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. 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Popa\u201d, University Street, no 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics, \u201cSaint Mary\u201d Emergency Children\u2019s Hospital, Vasile Lupu Street, no 62, 700309 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3023-0205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romeo","family":"Dobrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. 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