{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:54:49Z","timestamp":1790916889431,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deputyship for Research and Innovation, Ministry of Education, and Qassim University, Saudi Arabia","award":["QU-IF-01-02-27791"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QU-IF-01-02-27791"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Researchers recently focused on studying the nutritional and functional qualities of sprouts generated from seeds. The current study investigated the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids (TF), total flavonols (TFL), antioxidant activity (AOA), specific phenolic acids, and volatile chemicals in fennel seeds (FS) and fennel seed sprouts (FSS). The oxidative DNA damage prevention activity of selected FS and FSS extracts against DNA was examined. Consequently, the antioxidative stress potential of FS and FSS extracts at 300 and 600 mg kg\u22121 on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats weas investigated. The liver\u2019s functions and oxidative stress biomarkers in rat blood were examined. FSS exhibited rich phytochemical content such as TPC, TF, TFL, and AOA with altered phenolics and volatiles. HPLC identified nineteen compounds of phenolic acids and their derivatives in FS. Thirteen phenolics and six flavonoids were predominantly identified as Vanillic acid and Kaempferol, respectively. GC-MS analysis identified fifty and fifty-one components in FS and FSS, respectively. The predominant component was Benzene, [1-(2-propenyloxy)-3-butenyl] (trans-Anethole) (38.41%), followed by trans-Anethole (Benzene, 1-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)) (23.65%), Fenchone (11.18%), and 1,7-Octadiene, 2-methyl-6-methylene- Cyclohexene (7.17%). Interestingly, \u03b1-Pinene, Fenchone, trans-Anethole (Benzene, 1-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)), 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde (4-Anisaldehyde), Benzeneacetic acid, \u03b1-hydroxy-4-methoxy, and Nonacosane contents were increased. While Dillapiole, 7-Octadecenoic acid, and methyl ester were newly identified and quantified in FSS. The oxidative DNA damage prevention capability of FSS and FS extracts indicated remarkable DNA protection. Administrating FS and FSS extracts at 300 and 600 mg kg\u22121 ameliorated AST, ALT, and ALP, as well as GSH, CAT, MDA, and SOD, in a dose-dependent manner. The most efficient treatment of FS or FSS was using a dose of 600 mg Kg\u22121, which recorded an improvement rate of 20.77 and 24.17, 20.36 and 24.92, and 37.49 and 37.90% for ALT, AST, and ALP, respectively. While an improvement rate of 40.08 and 37.87%, 37.17 and 46.52%, 114.56 and 154.13%, and 66.05 and 69.69% for GSH, DMA, CAT, and SOD compared to the CCl4-group, respectively. The observed protection is associated with increased phenolics and volatiles in F. vulgare. Therefore, FS and FSS are recommended as functional foods with bioactive functionality, health-promoting properties, and desired prevention capabilities that may help prevent oxidative stress-related diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11122318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T02:25:36Z","timestamp":1669256736000},"page":"2318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Phenolics and Volatile Compounds of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) Seeds and Their Sprouts Prevent Oxidative DNA Damage and Ameliorates CCl4-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8358-4835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Barakat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Food Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim Ali","family":"Alkabeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9981-0422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thamer","family":"Aljutaily","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0622-1800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona S.","family":"Almujaydil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9934-0691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reham M.","family":"Algheshairy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8946-6242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raghad M.","family":"Alhomaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulkarim S.","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-014-8747-0","article-title":"Increased Oxidative Stress and Impaired Antioxidant Response in Lafora disease","volume":"51","author":"Aguado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rani, V., and Yadav, U. (2015). Reactive Oxygen Species and Cellular Defense System. Free Radicals in Human Health and Disease, Springer. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-2035-0"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"381","article-title":"Atherosclerosis and Oxidative Stress","volume":"23","author":"Bonomini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.14r09179","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Parameters in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder Compared to Healthy Controls Before and after Antidepressant Treatment: Results from A Meta-Analysis","volume":"76","author":"Gurpegui","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiat."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1934578X0600101120","article-title":"Phytochemical Quality and Bioactivity of Edible Sprouts","volume":"1","author":"Moreno","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.08.005","article-title":"Investigation of the Nutritional, Functional and Technological Effects of the Sourdough Fermentation of Sprouted Flours","volume":"302","author":"Montemurro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1as, E., and Mart\u00ednez-Villaluenga, C. (2020). Advances in Production, Properties and Applications of Sprouted Seeds. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9060790"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-021-00888-6","article-title":"The Use of Sprouts to Improve the Nutritional Value of Food Products: A Brief Review","volume":"76","author":"Miyahira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.03.108","article-title":"Effects of Sprouting and Postharvest Storage under Cool. Temperature Conditions on Starch Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Green Pea, Lentil and Young Mung Bean Sprouts","volume":"185","author":"Swieca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2012.04.005","article-title":"Impact of Germination Time and Type of Illumination on the Antioxidant Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Lens culinaris Sprouts","volume":"140","author":"Kowalczyk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malin, V., Elez Garofuli\u0107, I., Repaji\u0107, M., Zori\u0107, Z., Pedisi\u0107, S., Sterni\u0161a, M., Smole Mo\u017eina, S., and Dragovi\u0107-Uzelac, V. (2022). Phenolic Characterization and Bioactivity of Fennel Seed (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) Extracts Isolated by Microwave-Assisted and Conventional Extraction. Processes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr10030510"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2022.114821","article-title":"Seed Yield Stability with Modified Essential Oil Content and Composition in Self-Compatible Progenies of Bitter Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)","volume":"182","author":"Shojaiefar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2012.04.011","article-title":"Foeniculum vulgare: A Comprehensive Review of Its Traditional Use, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Safety","volume":"9","author":"Rather","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3109\/08923973.2015.1038751","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant effects of Coumarins Isolated From Foeniculum vulgare in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Macrophages and 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-Acetate-Stimulated Mice","volume":"37","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1673","article-title":"Potential of the Use of An Antioxidant Compound to Promote Peripheral Nerve Regeneration After Injury","volume":"10","author":"Gerhke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neural. Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2018.1459669","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Foeniculum vulgare Seeds Extract on Lead-Induced Neurotoxicity in Mice Brain","volume":"41","author":"Bhatti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2006.9.413","article-title":"Cholinergic Basis of Memory-Strengthening Effect of Foeniculum vulgare Linn","volume":"9","author":"Joshi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"553","article-title":"Foeniculum vulgare Mill (Umbelliferae) Attenuates Stress and Improves Memory in Wister Rats","volume":"12","author":"Koppula","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12983","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12983","article-title":"Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) Promotes Functional Recovery and Ameliorates Oxidative Stress Following A Lesion to the Sciatic Nerve in Mouse Model","volume":"43","author":"Imran","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16763","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.16763","article-title":"Nutritional Profiling, Antibacterial Potential, and Cluster Analysis in Foeniculum vulgare Seeds Against Human Pathogenic Bacteria","volume":"46","author":"Mehra","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Preserv."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12935","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12935","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Essential Oil and Methanol. Extract from Tunisian and French Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) seeds","volume":"43","author":"Kalleli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"87","article-title":"Method for Attaining Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) Seed Oil Fractions with Different Composition and Antioxidant Capacity","volume":"2","author":"Burkhardt","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res. Med. Aromat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2020.09.004","article-title":"Essential Oil and Chemical Composition of Wild and Cultivated Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.): A Comparative Study","volume":"135","author":"Abdellaoui","year":"2020","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smoum, R., Haj, C., Hirsch, S., Nemirovski, A., Yekhtin, Z., Bogoslavsky, B., Bakshi, G.K., Chourasia, M., Gallily, R., and Tam, J. (2022). Fenchone Derivatives as a Novel Class of CB2 Selective Ligands: Design, Synthesis, X-ray Structure and Therapeutic Potential. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041382"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2014.03.025","article-title":"Enantiopure antituberculosis candidates synthesized from (-)-fenchone","volume":"77","author":"Dobrikov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1080\/10520295.2017.1306882","article-title":"Effects of Foeniculum vulgare Essential Oil Compounds, Fenchone and Limonene, on Experimental Wound Healing","volume":"92","author":"Keskin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biotech. Histochem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, W., An, J., Seol, G.H., Han, S.H., Yee, J., and Min, S.S. (2022). Trans-Anethole Alleviates Trimethyltin Chloride-Induced Impairments in Long-Term Potentiation. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14071422"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharafan, M., Jafernik, K., Ekiert, H., Kubica, P., Kocjan, R., Blicharska, E., and Szopa, A. (2022). Illicium verum (Star Anise) and Trans-Anethole as Valuable Raw Materials for Medicinal and Cosmetic Applications. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27030650"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1007\/s11696-017-0169-9","article-title":"Determination of Polyphenol. Component Fractions and Integral Antioxidant Capacity of Syrian Aniseed and Fennel Seed Extracts Using Gc\u2013Ms, Hplc Analysis, and Photochemiluminescence Assay","volume":"71","author":"Odeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Pap."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-019-03695-9","article-title":"Chemical Composition of Fennel Seed Extract and Determination of Fenchone in Commercial Formulations by GC\u2013MS Method","volume":"56","author":"Alam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Sci.Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-010-2508-4","article-title":"The Antifungal Protein AFP from Aspergillus giganteus Prevents Secondary Growth of Different Fusarium Species on Barley","volume":"87","author":"Barakat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Qabba, M.M., El-Mowafy, M.A., Althwab, S.A., Alfheeaid, H.A., Aljutaily, T., and Barakat, H. (2020). Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Activity, and Ameliorating Efficacy of Chenopodium quinoa Sprouts against CCl4-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rats. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12102904"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-015-1454-1","article-title":"Phytochemical Characterization and Effect of Calendula officinalis, Hypericum perforatum, and Salvia officinalis Infusions on Obesity-Associated Cardiovascular Risk","volume":"25","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2007.06.004","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of Various Extracts and Fractions of Chenopodium quinoa and Amaranthus spp. Seeds","volume":"106","author":"Kikuzaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2011.578318","article-title":"Phenolics Extracted from Potato, Sugar Beet, and Sesame Processing By-Products","volume":"16","author":"Mohdaly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2014.10.009","article-title":"Effect of Different Cooking Methods on Bioactive Compounds in Vegetarian, Broccoli-based Bars","volume":"11","author":"Barakat","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.01.032","article-title":"Phenolic acid Profiles and Antioxidant Activities of Wheat Bran Extracts and the Effect of Hydrolysis Conditions","volume":"95","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/123.11.1939","article-title":"AIN-93 Purified Diets for Laboratory Rodents: Final Report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad HOC Writing Committee on the Reformulation of the AIN-76a Rodent Diet","volume":"123","author":"Reeves","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"947","article-title":"Phenolic Compounds and Hepatoprotective Potential of Anastatica hierochuntica Ethanolic and Aqueous Extracts Against CCl4-Induced Hepatotoxicity in rats","volume":"40","author":"Barakat","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"387","article-title":"Hypoglycemic Effects of Three Medicinal Plants in Experimental Diabetes: Inhibition of Rat Intestinal \u03b1-glucosidase and Enhanced Pancreatic Insulin and Cardiac Glut-4 mRNAs Expression","volume":"12","author":"Moradabadi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.12616","article-title":"Modified Low-Salt CTAB Extraction of High-Quality DNA from Contaminant-Rich Tissues","volume":"17","author":"Arseneau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.04.001","article-title":"Purification and Characterisation of an Antioxidative Peptide from Enzymatic Hydrolysates of Duck Processing By-Products","volume":"123","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"882","article-title":"Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione","volume":"61","author":"Beutler","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(79)90738-3","article-title":"Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction","volume":"95","author":"Ohkawa","year":"1979","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.59.2.309","article-title":"Superoxide Dismutases: I. Occurrence in Higher Plants","volume":"59","author":"Giannopolitis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05016-3","article-title":"[13] Catalase in vitro","volume":"105","author":"Aebi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Meth. Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Steel, R.G. (1997). Pinciples and Procedures of Statistics A Biometrical Approach, McGraw-Hill. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v5.i3.267","article-title":"Functional Foods-Based Diet as a Novel Dietary Approach for Management of Type 2 Diabetes and its Complications: A review","volume":"5","author":"Mirmiran","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alharbi, Y.M., Sakr, S.S., Albarrak, S.M., Almundarij, T.I., Barakat, H., and Hassan, M.F.Y. (2022). Antioxidative, Antidiabetic, and Hypolipidemic Properties of Probiotic-Enriched Fermented Camel Milk Combined with Salvia officinalis Leaves Hydroalcoholic Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes in Rats. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11040668"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"250","article-title":"Effectiveness of Jicama Probiotic Yoghurt (Pachyrhizus erosus) on Blood Glucose in Diabetic Mice","volume":"4","author":"Eva","year":"2019","journal-title":"KnE. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.04.045","article-title":"Preventive effects of Salvia officinalis L. Against Learning and Memory Deficit Induced by Diabetes in Rats: Possible Hypoglycaemic and Antioxidant Mechanisms","volume":"622","author":"Hasanein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"29","article-title":"Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of H. officinalis L. var. Angustifolius, V. odorata, B. hyrcana and C. speciosum","volume":"23","author":"Ebrahimzadeh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1021\/jf903532y","article-title":"Phenolic Substance Characterization and Chemical and Cell-Based Antioxidant Activities of 11 Lentils Grown in the Northern United States","volume":"58","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.01.009","article-title":"Free Radical-scavenging Capacity, Antioxidant Activity, and Phenolic Composition of Green Lentil (Lens culinaris)","volume":"121","author":"Amarowicz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castaldo, L., Izzo, L., De Pascale, S., Narv\u00e1ez, A., Rodriguez-Carrasco, Y., and Ritieni, A. (2021). Chemical Composition, In Vitro Bioaccessibility and Antioxidant Activity of Polyphenolic Compounds from Nutraceutical Fennel Waste Extract. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26071968"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-010-0223-x","article-title":"Effect of Certain Indigenous Processing Methods on The Bioactive Compounds of Ten Different Wild Type Legume Grains","volume":"49","author":"Vadivel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.01.037","article-title":"Anthocyanins, Total Polyphenols and Antioxidant Activity in Amaranth and Quinoa Seeds and Sprouts During their Growth","volume":"115","author":"Zagrodzki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.07.126","article-title":"Enrichment of Caffeic Acid in Peanut Sprouts and Evaluation of Its In Vitro Effectiveness Against Oxidative Stress-Induced Erythrocyte Hemolysis","volume":"217","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3104","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-016-2283-z","article-title":"Sea Fennel (Crithmum Maritimum L.): Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidative, Cholinesterase Inhibitory and Vasodilatory Activity","volume":"53","author":"Grga","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"91","article-title":"Antioxidant Activities of Phenolics, Flavonoids and Vitamin C in two Cultivars of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) in Responses to Organic and Bio-Organic Fertilizers","volume":"14","author":"Salama","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Saudi Soc. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.1929","article-title":"Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oil and Extracts of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) Seeds from Pakistan","volume":"24","author":"Anwar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1021\/jf073083c","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Composition of Wild, Edible, and Medicinal Fennel from Different Mediterranean Countries","volume":"56","author":"Faudale","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5369","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.8426","article-title":"Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Subsp. piperitum) Florets, A Traditional Culinary Spice in Italy: Evaluation of Phenolics and Volatiles in Local Populations, and Comparison with the Composition of Other Plant Parts","volume":"97","author":"Ferioli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-016-0567-0","article-title":"Effect of Germination and Fermentation Process on the Antioxidant Compounds of Quinoa Seeds","volume":"71","author":"Carciochi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3027","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.14727","article-title":"Protective Effect of Selenium-Enriched Red Radish Sprouts on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Injury in Mice","volume":"84","author":"Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2004.06.012","article-title":"Effect of Germination on Legume Phenolic Compounds and their Antioxidant Activity","volume":"19","author":"Estrella","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2012.10.012","article-title":"Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oil and Extracts of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) and Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.)","volume":"44","author":"Roby","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2012.706661","article-title":"Enhancement of Attributes of Cereals by Germination and Fermentation: A Review","volume":"55","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2008.0255","article-title":"Antioxidant and Anticarcinogenic Effects of Methanolic Extract and Volatile Oil of Fennel Seeds (Foeniculum vulgare)","volume":"14","author":"Mohamad","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chemical Compound of Cumin and Fennel Seed Extracts Against Some Types of Pathogenic Bacteria","volume":"1","author":"Allaithy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iraq Med. J."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"5","article-title":"Chemical Constituents and Potential Pleiotropic Activities of Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) Ethanolic Extract; In Vitro Approach","volume":"65","author":"Suleiman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3587","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2020.1870227","article-title":"Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil From Different Vegetative Parts of Foeniculum vulgare Subsp. Piperitum (Ucria) Coutinho (Umbelliferae) Growing Wild In Sicily","volume":"36","author":"Ilardi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, S.J., Yoon, S., Jo, S.M., Jeong, H., Youn, M.Y., Kim, Y.J., Kim, J.K., and Shin, E.-C. (2022). Olfactory Stimulation by Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) Essential Oil Improves Lipid Metabolism and Metabolic Disorders in High Fat-Induced Obese Rats. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14040741"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582767","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/582767","article-title":"Assessment of Free Radical Scavenging Potential and Oxidative DNA Damage Preventive Activity of Trachyspermum ammi L. (Carom) and Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Fennel) Seed Extracts","volume":"2014","author":"Goswami","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1080\/15376516.2019.1650149","article-title":"Triggering of Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest by Fennel and Clove Oils in Caco-2 Cells: The role of combination","volume":"29","author":"Dawoud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"180","article-title":"The Protective Effect of (Foeniculum vulgare) Oil on Etoposide-Induced Genotoxicity on Male Albino Rats","volume":"4","author":"Hassab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"18","article-title":"Hepatoprotective Effect of Fennel and Tiger Nut on Biochemical Parameters and DNA Damage in Rats","volume":"1","author":"Hanan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Chem. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"1429","article-title":"Insulinlike Growth Factor\u2014Ii\/Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor is Expressed on CCl4-Exposed Rat Fat-Storing Cells and Facilitates Activation of Latent Transforming Growth Factor-\u0392 in Cocultures with Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells","volume":"21","author":"Jannes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"Doc05","article-title":"Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Disease in Rats: The Potential Effect of Supplement Oils with Vitamins E and C on the Nutritional Status","volume":"7","author":"Ismail","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ger. Med. Sci. GMS E-J."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.22159\/ajpcr.2017.v10i11.20918","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effect of Chenopodium quinoa seed against CCL4-induced liver toxicity in Swiss albino male mice","volume":"10","author":"Saxena","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, Y.-S., Lee, S.-H., Chun, S.Y., Kim, D.H., Jang, B.I., Han, M.-H., and Lee, S.-O. (2022). In Vitro and In Vivo Protective Effects of Lentil (Lens culinaris) Extract against Oxidative Stress-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27010059"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2006.01.016","article-title":"Characterization of Lipid Oxidation Products in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)","volume":"101","author":"Ng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2005.12.009","article-title":"Free Radicals, Metals and Antioxidants in Oxidative Stress-Induced Cancer","volume":"160","author":"Valko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem-Biol. Interact"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20280","article-title":"Peroxide Detoxification by Brain Cells","volume":"79","author":"Dringen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2013.2834","article-title":"Antioxidant Properties of Proanthocyanidins Attenuate Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)\u2013Induced Steatosis and Liver Injury in Rats via CYP2E1 Regulation","volume":"17","author":"Dai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.33.983","article-title":"Hepatoprotective Effect of Syringic Acid and Vanillic Acid on CCl4-Induced Liver Injury","volume":"33","author":"Itoh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.22270\/jddt.v11i2-S.4823","article-title":"A Review of the Pharmacological Characteristics of Vanillic Acid","volume":"11","author":"Ingole","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X15500160","article-title":"Hepatoprotective Effect of Kaempferol. Against Alcoholic Liver Injury in Mice","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, T.A., Ke, B.J., Cheng, C.S., Wang, J.J., Wei, B.L., and Lee, C.L. (2019). Red Quinoa Bran Extracts Protects Against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Injury and Fibrosis in Mice via Activation of Antioxidative Enzyme Systems and Blocking TGF-\u03b21 Pathway. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020395"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2090","article-title":"The Hepatoprotective Effects of Fennel Seeds Extract and trans-Anethole in Streptozotocin-induced Liver Injury in Rats","volume":"9","author":"Hadjzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alharbi, H.F., Algonaiman, R., and Barakat, H. (2022). Ameliorative and Antioxidative Potential of Lactobacillus plantarum-Fermented Oat (Avena sativa) and Fermented Oat Supplemented with Sidr Honey against Streptozotocin-Induced Type 2 Diabetes in Rats. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11061122"}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/11\/12\/2318\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:25:08Z","timestamp":1760145908000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/11\/12\/2318"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox11122318"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox11122318","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]]}}}