{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:12:12Z","timestamp":1787497932480,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]],"date-time":"2022-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deputyship for Research &amp; Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia","award":["IF-PSAU-2021\/03\/18755"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF-PSAU-2021\/03\/18755"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction play critical roles in ischemia\/reperfusion (I\/R) injury in the brain. \u03b2-carotene (\u03b2CAR) is a naturally occurring pigment present in fruits and vegetables that expresses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This study was conducted to investigate the involvement of Bcl2\/Bax and NF-\u03baB signaling pathways in the potential protective role of \u03b2CAR against brain injury in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model. A focal brain ischemia model was created for 2 h, followed by reperfusion. Rats were given 10 and 20 mg\/kg of \u03b2CAR for 7 days orally before induction of ischemia, at the start of reperfusion, and 3 days after ischemia. Scores of neurological deficit were rated 24 h after induction of ischemia. Motor coordination and spontaneous coordinate activities were assessed using rotarod and activity cage, respectively. After 2 h of the last dose, the animals were killed and their brains were extracted for further examinations. The results of the study show that \u03b2CAR diminished the score of neurological deficits and ameliorated motor coordination, balance, and locomotor activity in the I\/R control group. Further, \u03b2CAR resulted in diminution of malondialdehyde (MDA) and augmentation of reduced glutathione (GSH) contents, as well as the elevation of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities in the brain homogenates of I\/R rats. \u03b2CAR treatment significantly reduced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB) brain content and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and ameliorated the histological alterations in the brain tissues. \u03b2CAR significantly suppressed Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and caspase-3 expression, as well as upregulated B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression, suggesting a neuroprotective potential via downregulating NF-kB and protecting the rat brain against the I\/R-associated apoptotic injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11122344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T04:01:33Z","timestamp":1669608093000},"page":"2344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Protective Effect of Beta-Carotene against Myeloperoxidase- Mediated Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Rat Ischemic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3548-0852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan N.","family":"Althurwi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4341-4954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rehab F.","family":"Abdel-Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4622-3501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gamal A.","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0480-5127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanan A.","family":"Ogaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3150-3439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faisal K.","family":"Alkholifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reham M.","family":"Abd-Elsalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T3R 1J3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saleh I.","family":"Alqasoumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maged S.","family":"Abdel-Kader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21215, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2012.01.026","article-title":"Astragaloside IV protects against focal cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury correlating to suppression of neutrophils adhesion-related molecules","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurochem. 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