{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T19:04:43Z","timestamp":1778094283545,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fund for Scientific Research Flanders","award":["11L3522N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11L3522N"]}]},{"name":"Fund for Scientific Research Flanders","award":["1501118N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1501118N"]}]},{"name":"Fund for Scientific Research Flanders","award":["1842219N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1842219N"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxidative stress is an important pathophysiological mechanism in the development of numerous cardiovascular disorders, but few studies have examined the levels of oxidative stress in adults with congenital heart disease (CHD). The objective of this study was to investigate oxidative stress levels in adults with CHD and the association with inflammation, exercise capacity and endothelial function. To this end, 36 adults with different types of CHD and 36 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were enrolled. Blood cell counts, hs-CRP, NT-proBNP, fasting glucose, cholesterol levels, iron saturation and folic acid concentrations were determined in venous blood samples. Levels of superoxide anion radical in whole blood were determined using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy in combination with the spin probe CMH. Physical activity was assessed with the IPAQ-SF questionnaire. Vascular function assessment (EndoPAT) and cardiopulmonary exercise testing were performed in the patient group. Superoxide anion radical levels were not statistically significantly different between adults with CHD and the matched controls. Moreover, oxidative stress did not correlate with inflammation, or with endothelial function or cardiorespiratory fitness in CHD; however, a significant negative correlation with iron saturation was observed. Overall, whole blood superoxide anion radical levels in adults with CHD were not elevated, but iron levels seem to play a more important role in oxidative stress mechanisms in CHD than in healthy controls. More research will be needed to improve our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of CHD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11122369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T04:05:24Z","timestamp":1669781124000},"page":"2369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Circulating Reactive Oxygen Species in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Inne","family":"Vanreusel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"},{"name":"Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9157-1914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorien","family":"Vermeulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inge","family":"Goovaerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tibor","family":"Stoop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bert","family":"Ectors","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacky","family":"Cornelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Hens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"},{"name":"Cardiac Rehabilitation Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, MOVANT Research Group, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erwin","family":"de Bliek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"},{"name":"Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Cardiac Rehabilitation Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hilde","family":"Heuten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"},{"name":"Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7686-2668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emeline M.","family":"Van Craenenbroeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"},{"name":"Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"An","family":"Van Berendoncks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"},{"name":"Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent F. M.","family":"Segers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"},{"name":"Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1405-5232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob J.","family":"Bried\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicogenomics, School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, 6211 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-019-09778-1","article-title":"Right ventricular mechanical pattern in health and disease: Beyond longitudinal shortening","volume":"24","author":"Kovacs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart Fail. 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