{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:21:55Z","timestamp":1790659315773,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32101962"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32101962"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201703D211001-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201703D211001-06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shanxi Province\u2019s Key R&amp;D Plan","award":["32101962"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32101962"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Province\u2019s Key R&amp;D Plan","award":["201703D211001-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201703D211001-06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Foxtail millet has been traditionally considered to possess gastroprotective effects, but studies evaluating its use as a treatment for gastric ulcers are lacking. Here, we assessed the antiulcer effects of foxtail millet protein hydrolysate (FPH) and explored its mechanism by using blocking agents. In a mouse model of ethanol-induced gastric ulcers, pretreatment with FPH reduced the ulcerative lesion index, downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the gastric tissue, increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and improved the oxidative status. FPH increased constitutive the activity of nitric oxide synthase (cNOS), NO levels, and mucin expression in gastric mucosa, and inhibited the activation of the ET-1\/PI3K\/Akt pathway. In a mouse model of pyloric ligation-induced gastric ulcers, FPH inhibited gastric acid secretion and decreased the activity of gastric protease. Pretreatment of mice with the sulfhydryl blocker NEM and the NO synthesis inhibitor L-NAME abolished the gastroprotective effect of FPH, but not the KATP channel blocker glibenclamide and the PGE2 synthesis blocker indomethacin. Among the peptides identified in FPH, 10 peptides were predicted to have regulatory effects on the gastric mucosa, and the key sequences were GP and PG. The results confirmed the gastroprotective effect of FPH and revealed that its mechanism was through the regulation of gastric mucosal mucus and NO synthesis. This study supports the health effects of a millet-enriched diet and provides a basis for millet protein as a functional food to improve gastric ulcers and its related oxidative stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11122459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T02:54:21Z","timestamp":1670986461000},"page":"2459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Protective Effect of Foxtail Millet Protein Hydrolysate on Ethanol and Pyloric Ligation-Induced Gastric Ulcers in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Bowei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunhui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijia","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingchuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Congying","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenjia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1707-1916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dancai","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32404-7","article-title":"Peptic ulcer disease","volume":"390","author":"Lanas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.12.009","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease","volume":"132","author":"Kavitt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.10.016","article-title":"The effects of baicalein on gastric mucosal ulcerations in mice: Protective pathways and anti-secretory mechanisms","volume":"260","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem.-Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e023721","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023721","article-title":"Short-term outcomes after emergency surgery for complicated peptic ulcer disease from the UK National Emergency Laparotomy Audit: A cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Byrne","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12355","article-title":"Natural Products for the Prevention and Management of Helicobacter pylori Infection","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2021.1975643","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection: From standard to alternative treatment strategies","volume":"48","author":"Sousa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4457","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO00538A","article-title":"The protective role of Ocimum basilicum L. (Basil) against aspirin-induced gastric ulcer in mice: Impact on oxidative stress, inflammation, motor deficits and anxiety-like behavior","volume":"9","author":"Shehata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2020.100636","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of peptides from foxtail millet (Setaria italica) prolamins in HaCaT cells and RAW264.7 murine macrophages","volume":"36","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0010(199808)77:4<535::AID-JSFA77>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Characterisation of storage protein from selected varieties of foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L) Beauv)","volume":"77","author":"Kumar","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, X., Wang, L.X., Chen, Z.L., Hou, D.A.Z., Xue, Y., Diao, X.M., and Shen, Q. (2021). Foxtail Millet Improves Blood Glucose Metabolism in Diabetic Rats through PI3K\/AKT and NF-kappa B Signaling Pathways Mediated by Gut Microbiota. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061837"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e11186","article-title":"Physical, functional, nutritional and antioxidant properties of foxtail millet in Bangladesh","volume":"8","author":"Abedin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1002\/cche.10559","article-title":"Molecular interactome and starch-protein matrix, functional properties, phytochemical constituents, and antioxidant activity of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) flour as influenced during gaseous ozonation","volume":"99","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cereal Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2022.07.003","article-title":"Multi-omics analyses of 398 foxtail millet accessions reveal genomic regions associated with domestication, metabolite traits, and anti- inflammatory effects","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, B., Xu, Y., Liu, S., Lv, H., Hu, Y., Wang, Y., Li, Z., Wang, J., Ji, X., and Ma, H. (2020). Dietary Supplementation of Foxtail Millet Ameliorates Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer in Mice via Activation of Gut Receptors and Suppression of the STAT3 Pathway. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082367"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2020.01.003","article-title":"The gastroprotective effect of the foxtail millet and adlay processing product against stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-016-1252-7","article-title":"Effect of foxtail millet protein hydrolysates on lowering blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3342","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2019.1686342","article-title":"Millet derived bioactive peptides: A review on their functional properties and health benefits","volume":"60","author":"Majid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9415","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c03732","article-title":"Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Peptides Derived from In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion of Germinated and Heat-Treated Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica) Proteins","volume":"68","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2594","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO02482E","article-title":"Protective effects of bioactive peptides in foxtail millet protein hydrolysates against experimental colitis in mice","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(86)90432-X","article-title":"Artificial reductant enhancement of the Lowry method for protein determination","volume":"155","author":"Larson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b07602","article-title":"Three Newly Isolated Calcium-Chelating Peptides from Tilapia Bone Collagen Hydrolysate Enhance Calcium Absorption Activity in Intestinal Caco-2 Cells","volume":"68","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2001.tb04614.x","article-title":"Improved method for determining food protein degree of hydrolysis","volume":"66","author":"Nielsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.13306","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of anchovy (Coilia mystus) protein hydrolysates and their memory-improving effects on scopolamine-induced amnesia mice","volume":"52","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114792","article-title":"Gastroprotective action of the ethanol extract of Leonurus sibiricus L. (Lamiaceae) in mice","volume":"284","author":"Biano","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736829","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.736829","article-title":"(-)-Carveol Prevents Gastric Ulcers via Cytoprotective, Antioxidant, Antisecretory and Immunoregulatory Mechanisms in Animal Models","volume":"12","author":"Serafim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.031","article-title":"Gastroprotective effect of barbatusin and 3-beta-hydroxy-3-deoxibarbatusin, quinonoid diterpenes isolated from Plectranthus grandis, in ethanol-induced gastric lesions in mice","volume":"127","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110578","article-title":"Estragole prevents gastric ulcers via cytoprotective, antioxidant and immunoregulatory mechanisms in animal models","volume":"130","author":"Alves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3965","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00433E","article-title":"Protective effect of polysaccharides from Radix Hedysari on gastric ulcers induced by acetic acid in rats","volume":"10","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.01.004","article-title":"Gastroprotective activity of polysaccharide from Hericium erinaceus against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesion and pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulcer, and its antioxidant activities","volume":"186","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4123","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO00288G","article-title":"Human-like collagen promotes the healing of acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers in rats by regulating NOS and growth factors","volume":"11","author":"Xing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006050541","article-title":"Lack of endothelial nitric oxide synthase promotes endothelin-induced hypertension: Lessons from endothelin-1 transgenic\/endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout mice","volume":"18","author":"Quaschning","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3207","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.16214","article-title":"Protective effect of active components of Eucommia ulmoides leaves on gastric ulcers in rats: Involvement of the PI3K\/Akt\/NF-kappaB pathway","volume":"87","author":"Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9430","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i31.9430","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori and gastric mucin expression: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Niv","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b07670","article-title":"Inhibitory Effects of Walnut (Juglans regia) Peptides on Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cognitive Impairment Mice","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2017.1290103","article-title":"Foxtail millet: Properties, processing, health benefits, and uses","volume":"34","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Rev. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000365","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202000365","article-title":"Protein Isolates from Raw and Cooked Foxtail Millet Attenuate Development of Type 2 Diabetes in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice","volume":"65","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.69.31","article-title":"Effects of dietary protein of Korean foxtail millet on plasma adiponectin, HDL-cholesterol, and insulin levels in genetically type 2 diabetic mice","volume":"69","author":"Choi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcs.2018.09.003","article-title":"A whole foxtail millet diet reduces blood pressure in subjects with mild hypertension","volume":"84","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cereal Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6272(15)30157-6","article-title":"Gastroprotective effect of aqueous stem bark extract of Ziziphus jujuba L. against HCl\/Ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats","volume":"35","author":"Hamedi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.11.018","article-title":"Protective effect of butyrate against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in mice by promoting the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and mucosal defense mechanisms","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rozza, A.L., de Faria, F.M., Brito, A.R.S., and Pellizzon, C.H. (2014). The gastroprotective effect of menthol: Involvement of anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086686"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.12.052","article-title":"Effect of allantoin on experimentally induced gastric ulcers: Pathways of gastroprotection","volume":"821","author":"Martins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006","article-title":"A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate","volume":"150","author":"Levey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-015-2016-9","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a novel antioxidant peptide from feather keratin hydrolysate","volume":"38","author":"Wan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2014.05.002","article-title":"Alendronate induces gastric damage by reducing nitric oxide synthase expression and NO\/cGMP\/K(ATP) signaling pathway","volume":"40","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114477","article-title":"Release of endothelin from the porcine aorta. Inhibition by endothelium-derived nitric oxide","volume":"85","author":"Boulanger","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2018.04.001","article-title":"Evaluation of the gastroprotective effects of 20 (S)-ginsenoside Rg3 on gastric ulcer models in mice","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3859","DOI":"10.1113\/JP276454","article-title":"New frontiers in gastrointestinal physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"596","author":"Barrett","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2018.01.014","article-title":"Prophylactic efficacy of patchoulene epoxide against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats: Influence on oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis","volume":"283","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem.-Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612824666180629111227","article-title":"Roles of Cyclooxygenase, Prostaglandin E-2 and EP Receptors in Mucosal Protection and Ulcer Healing in the Gastrointestinal Tract","volume":"24","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831963","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.831963","article-title":"Interaction of Medicinal Plants and Their Active Constituents With Potassium Ion Channels: A Systematic Review","volume":"13","author":"Rajabian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.01.002","article-title":"Cochlospermum regium (Mart. ex Schrank) Pilg.: Evaluation of chemical profile, gastroprotective activity and mechanism of action of hydroethanolic extract of its xylopodium in acute and chronic experimental models","volume":"233","author":"Arunachalam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b07687","article-title":"Evaluation and Exploration of Potentially Bioactive Peptides in Casein Hydrolysates against Liver Oxidative Damage in STZ\/HFD-Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00040.2012","article-title":"Oxidative stress: An essential factor in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal mucosal diseases","volume":"94","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/11\/12\/2459\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:40:56Z","timestamp":1760146856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/11\/12\/2459"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox11122459"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox11122459","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]]}}}