{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T13:22:37Z","timestamp":1774272157661,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research, MIUR (FAR 2021)","award":["CUP D55F21004250005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP D55F21004250005"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research, MIUR (FAR 2021)","award":["CUP D53C22002740005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP D53C22002740005"]}]},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Science Aging, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy","award":["CUP D55F21004250005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP D55F21004250005"]}]},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Science Aging, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy","award":["CUP D53C22002740005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP D53C22002740005"]}]},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Science Aging, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy","award":["CUP D55F21004250005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP D55F21004250005"]}]},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Science Aging, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy","award":["CUP D53C22002740005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP D53C22002740005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antioxidant-rich dietary regimens are considered the best practice to maintain health, control inflammation, and prevent inflammatory diseases. Yet, nutraceuticals as food supplements are self-prescribed and purchasable over the counter by healthy individuals for the purpose of beneficial effects on fitness and aging. Hence, the effectiveness, safety, and correct intake of these compounds need to be better explored. Since redox-modulating activity of these compounds appears to be involved in activation and or suppression of immune cells, the preventive use of nutraceuticals is very attractive even for healthy people. This review focuses on redox- and immunomodulating nutraceuticals in the context of diabetes mellitus (DM). In fact, DM is an illustrative disease of latent and predictable inflammatory pathogenetic processes set out and sustained by oxidative stress. DM has been thoroughly investigated through in vitro and in vivo models. Furthermore, human DM is characterized by uncontrolled levels of glucose, a pivotal factor shaping immune responses. Hence, antioxidant nutraceuticals with multifaced activities, including glucose keeping, are described here. A greater number of such multi-player nutraceuticals might be identified using DM animal models and validated in clinical settings on genetic and environmental high-risk individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12010132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T01:48:19Z","timestamp":1672969699000},"page":"132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Redox Remodeling by Nutraceuticals for Prevention and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6910-0160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Petrarca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. D\u2019Annunzio University, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, G. D\u2019Annunzio University, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Viola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. D\u2019Annunzio University, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021769","article-title":"Lifestyle and Mental Health","volume":"66","author":"Walsh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3169","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29228","article-title":"The Role of Glucose Homeostasis on Immune Function in Response to Exercise: The Impact of Low or Higher Energetic Conditions","volume":"235","author":"Dorneles","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12935","article-title":"Defining \u201cNutraceuticals\u201d: Neither Nutritious nor Pharmaceutical","volume":"83","author":"Aronson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1998.10718734","article-title":"The Glucose\/Insulin System and Vitamin C: Implications in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"17","author":"Cunningham","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.5.869S","article-title":"Search for the Competitive Edge: A History of Dietary Fads and Supplements","volume":"127","author":"Applegate","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2014.12.009","article-title":"Ayurnutrigenomics: Ayurveda-Inspired Personalized Nutrition from Inception to Evidence","volume":"5","author":"Banerjee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.2337\/dci19-0066","article-title":"2019 Update to: Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes, 2018. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)","volume":"43","author":"Buse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eguchi, N., Vaziri, N.D., Dafoe, D.C., and Ichii, H. (2021). Molecular Sciences The Role of Oxidative Stress in Pancreatic \u03b2 Cell Dysfunction in Diabetes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041509"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593863","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/593863","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Redox Modulation Potential in Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"2011","author":"Delmastro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00248","article-title":"Prediction and Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Primavera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S62","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-S062","article-title":"Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"34","author":"Association","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2864","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2864","article-title":"High Prevalence of Diabetes-Specific Autoimmunity in First-Degree Relatives of Sardinian Patients with Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"33","author":"Incani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.2757","article-title":"Association of Early Exposure of Probiotics and Islet Autoimmunity in the TEDDY Study","volume":"170","author":"Uusitalo","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Contribution of Adipose Tissue Inflammation to the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"9","author":"Burhans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, X., Han, Y., Jang, K., and Kim, M. (2022). Early Prediction for Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Using the Genetic Risk Score and Oxidative Stress Score. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11061196"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.08.003","article-title":"Insulin Receptor-Mediated Stimulation Boosts T Cell Immunity during Inflammation and Infection","volume":"28","author":"Tsai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6494795","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6494795","article-title":"Role of T Lymphocytes in Type 2 Diabetes and Diabetes-Associated Inflammation","volume":"2017","author":"Xia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2020.04.014","article-title":"Adult-Onset Autoimmune Diabetes in 2020: An Update","volume":"137","author":"Maddaloni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2022.155236","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Infection Impairs the Insulin\/IGF Signaling Pathway in the Lung, Liver, Adipose Tissue, and Pancreatic Cells via IRF1","volume":"133","author":"Shin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00078","article-title":"The Role of Gut Microbiota and Environmental Factors in Type 1 Diabetes Pathogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Dedrick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2008.10.013","article-title":"Ursolic Acid Enhances the Cellular Immune System and Pancreatic \u03b2-Cell Function in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet","volume":"9","author":"Jang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110702","article-title":"An Update on \u03b2-Sitosterol: A Potential Herbal Nutraceutical for Diabetic Management","volume":"131","author":"Babu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-1637","article-title":"Butyrate Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Increases Energy Expenditure in Mice","volume":"58","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verhagen, J., Burton, B.R., Britton, G.J., Shepard, E.R., Anderton, S.M., and Wraith, D.C. (2013). Modification of the FoxP3 Transcription Factor Principally Affects Inducible T Regulatory Cells in a Model of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061334"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3699","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI84431","article-title":"HIF1\u03b1 and Metabolic Reprogramming in Inflammation","volume":"126","author":"Corcoran","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.666795","article-title":"Islet-Resident Dendritic Cells and Macrophages in Type 1 Diabetes: In Search of Bigfoot\u2019s Print","volume":"12","author":"Zirpel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00001","article-title":"Glucose Metabolism Regulates T Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Functions","volume":"6","author":"Palmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2021.05.008","article-title":"Biological Activity and Toxicity of Plant Nutraceuticals: An Overview","volume":"42","author":"Taroncher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.143.6.1974","article-title":"Cell Cycle Progression of Glutathione-Depleted Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Is Inhibited at S Phase","volume":"143","author":"Messina","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00478-8","article-title":"Redox Regulation of Immunometabolism","volume":"21","author":"Muri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20190848","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190848","article-title":"Nutrient MTORC1 Signaling Underpins Regulatory T Cell Control of Immune Tolerance","volume":"217","author":"Do","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1021\/bi902022n","article-title":"Redox Remodeling as an Immunoregulatory Strategy","volume":"49","author":"Yan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2020.1745202","article-title":"Redox Regulation of Regulatory T-Cell Differentiation and Functions","volume":"54","author":"Patwardhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1626-y","article-title":"Gut Barrier Disruption by an Enteric Bacterial Pathogen Accelerates Insulitis in NOD Mice","volume":"53","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15140","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1814558116","article-title":"Loss of Gut Barrier Integrity Triggers Activation of Islet-Reactive T Cells and Autoimmune Diabetes","volume":"116","author":"Sorini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3520","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.934695","article-title":"Akkermansia Muciniphila and Gut Immune System: A Good Friendship That Attenuates Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Obesity, and Diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01832","article-title":"Amelioration of Autoimmune Diabetes of NOD Mice by Immunomodulating Probiotics","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3713","article-title":"Gut Microbial Metabolites Limit the Frequency of Autoimmune T Cells and Protect against Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Richards","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"2702","article-title":"The Alterations in and the Role of the Th17\/Treg Balance in Metabolic Diseases","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI87388","article-title":"\u03c9-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Ameliorate Type 1 Diabetes and Autoimmunity","volume":"127","author":"Bi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2015.05.013","article-title":"The Gut Microbiota and Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"159","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-3222","article-title":"Duodenal Mucosa of Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Shows Distinctive Inflammatory Profile and Microbiota","volume":"102","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murri, M., Leiva, I., Gomez-Zumaquero, J.M., Tinahones, F.J., Cardona, F., Soriguer, F., and Queipo-Ortu\u00f1o, M.I. (2013). Gut Microbiota in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Differs from That in Healthy Children: A Case-Control Study. BMC Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-46"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Payne, A., Nahashon, S., Taka, E., Adinew, G.M., and Soliman, K.F.A. (2022). Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG): New Therapeutic Perspectives for Neuroprotection, Aging, and Neuroinflammation for the Modern Age. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12030371"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cione, E., la Torre, C., Cannataro, R., Caroleo, M.C., Plastina, P., and Gallelli, L. (2020). Quercetin, Epigallocatechin Gallate, Curcumin, and Resveratrol: From Dietary Sources to Human MicroRNA Modulation. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25010063"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musial, C., Kuban-Jankowska, A., and Gorska-Ponikowska, M. (2020). Beneficial Properties of Green Tea Catechins. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051744"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514004048","article-title":"Methanolic Extract of Origanum Vulgare Ameliorates Type 1 Diabetes through Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Apoptotic Activity","volume":"113","author":"Vujicic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jurikova, T., Mlcek, J., Skrovankova, S., Sumczynski, D., Sochor, J., Hlavacova, I., Snopek, L., and Orsavova, J. (2017). Fruits of Black Chokeberry Aronia Melanocarpa in the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22060944"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, M.S., Lee, E.B., Lee, S.J., Lee, S.P., Boby, N., Suk, K., Birhanu, B.T., and Park, S.C. (2021). Aronia Melanocarpa Extract Fermented by Lactobacillus Plantarum EJ2014 Modulates Immune Response in Mice. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10081276"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"20","article-title":"Effects of Aronia Melanocarpa Juice as Part of the Dietary Regimen in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"44","author":"Simeonov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Folia Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-021-04106-4","article-title":"Black Chokeberry Aronia Melanocarpa Extract Reduces Blood Pressure, Glycemia and Lipid Profile in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Prospective Controlled Trial","volume":"476","author":"Tasic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3160","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03160","article-title":"Nutritional Modulation of Immune Function: Analysis of Evidence, Mechanisms, and Clinical Relevance","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.12.1420","article-title":"Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake and Islet Autoimmunity in Children at Increased Risk for Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"298","author":"Norris","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malaguarnera, L. (2019). Influence of Resveratrol on the Immune Response. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11050946"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2011.08.003","article-title":"Resveratrol Improves Insulin Signaling in a Tissue-Specific Manner under Insulin-Resistant Conditions Only: In Vitro and In Vivo Experiments in Rodents","volume":"61","author":"Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mlala, S., Oyedeji, A.O., Gondwe, M., and Oyedeji, O.O. (2019). Ursolic Acid and Its Derivatives as Bioactive Agents. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24152751"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sartore, G., Ragazzi, E., Antonello, G., Cosma, C., and Lapolla, A. (2021). Effect of a New Formulation of Nutraceuticals as an Add-On to Metformin Monotherapy for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Suboptimal Glycemic Control: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072373"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-015-0125-1","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Aspalathin and Nothofagin from Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolb, H., Kempf, K., and Martin, S. (2020). Health Effects of Coffee: Mechanism Unraveled?. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061842"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-012-8331-5","article-title":"Regulation of the Immune Response by Soybean Isoflavones","volume":"54","author":"Masilamani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gold-Smith, F., Fernandez, A., and Bishop, K. (2016). Mangiferin and Cancer: Mechanisms of Action. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8070396"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smeriglio, A., Denaro, M., Barreca, D., Calderaro, A., Bisignano, C., Ginestra, G., Bellocco, E., and Trombetta, D. (2017). In Vitro Evaluation of the Antioxidant, Cytoprotective, and Antimicrobial Properties of Essential Oil from Pistacia Vera L. Variety Bronte Hull. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18061212"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4264815","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4264815","article-title":"Pistacia Lentiscus Hydrosol: Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis and Anti-Inflammatory Activity Mediated by NF-\u03ba B and the Citrate Pathway","volume":"2020","author":"Santarsiero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"334","article-title":"Immunoregulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Crocus Sativus (Saffron) and Its Main Active Constituents: A Review","volume":"22","author":"Zeinali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6109","article-title":"Thymol, Thyme, and Other Plant Sources: Health and Potential Uses","volume":"32","author":"Salehi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.09.008","article-title":"Betulinic Acid Derivative BA5, a Dual NF-KB\/Calcineurin Inhibitor, Alleviates Experimental Shock and Delayed Hypersensitivity","volume":"815","author":"Meira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2018.1531406","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Activities of Erythrodiol-3-Acetate and 2,4-Di-Tert-Butylphenol Isolated from Humboldtia Unijuga","volume":"34","author":"Nair","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saito-Sasaki, N., Sawada, Y., and Nakamura, M. (2022). Maresin-1 and Inflammatory Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031367"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2020.112932","article-title":"Synthesis and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Saponin Derivatives of \u03b4-Oleanolic Acid","volume":"209","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9473094","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9473094","article-title":"Squalene Stimulates a Key Innate Immune Cell to Foster Wound Healing and Tissue Repair","volume":"2018","author":"Toledo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shakoor, H., Feehan, J., Apostolopoulos, V., Platat, C., Dhaheri, A.S., Ali, H.I., Ismail, L.C., Bosevski, M., and Stojanovska, L. (2021). Immunomodulatory Effects of Dietary Polyphenols. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030728"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-07-2307","article-title":"A Potential Therapeutic Role for Small Nonpeptidyl Compounds That Mimic Human Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor","volume":"103","author":"Kusano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i12.1519","article-title":"Potential Beneficial Effects of Butyrate in Intestinal and Extraintestinal Diseases","volume":"17","author":"Canani","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2012.02740.x","article-title":"N-Butyrate Anergized Effector CD4+ T Cells Independent of Regulatory T Cell Generation or Activity","volume":"76","author":"Fontenelle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.10.013","article-title":"The Microbial Metabolite Butyrate Stimulates Bone Formation via T Regulatory Cell-Mediated Regulation of WNT10B Expression","volume":"49","author":"Tyagi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"334","article-title":"The Small Chain Fatty Acid Butyrate Antagonizes the TCR-Stimulation-Induced Metabolic Shift in Murine Epidermal \u0393\u03b4 T Cells","volume":"19","author":"Ouwens","year":"2020","journal-title":"EXCLI J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmx009","article-title":"Butyrate: A Double-Edged Sword for Health?","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107700","article-title":"Targeting the Tumor Immune Microenvironment with \u201cNutraceuticals\u201d: From Bench to Clinical Trials","volume":"219","author":"Masuelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2017.1358139","article-title":"Immune Modulation by Curcumin: The Role of Interleukin-10","volume":"59","author":"Mollazadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2008.06.010","article-title":"Potential Therapeutic Effects of Curcumin, the Anti-Inflammatory Agent, Against Neurodegenerative, Cardiovascular, Pulmonary, Metabolic, Autoimmune and Neoplastic Diseases","volume":"41","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.01.091","article-title":"Advances in Saponin-Based Adjuvants","volume":"27","author":"Sun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3247528","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3247528","article-title":"Antioxidant, Immunomodulating, and Microbial-Modulating Activities of the Sustainable and Ecofriendly Spirulina","volume":"2017","author":"Finamore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahn, A., and Castillo, A. (2021). Potential of Sulforaphane as a Natural Immune System Enhancer: A Review. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26030752"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gombart, A.F., Pierre, A., and Maggini, S. (2020). A Review of Micronutrients and the Immune System-Working in Harmony to Reduce the Risk of Infection. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010236"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700446","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.201700446","article-title":"Green Tea Makes Polyphenol Nanoparticles with Radical-Scavenging Activities","volume":"38","author":"Xiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid Commun."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, Q.Y., Li, Q.S., Lin, X.M., Qiao, R.Y., Yang, R., Li, X.M., Dong, Z.B., Xiang, L.P., Zheng, X.Q., and Lu, J.L. (2017). Antidiabetic Effects of Tea. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22050849"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"227","article-title":"Relevance of Plant Lectins in Human Cell Biology and Immunology","volume":"99","author":"Shanmugham","year":"2006","journal-title":"Riv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2015.06.009","article-title":"Chokeberry (Aronia Melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliot) Concentrate Inhibits NF-\u039aB and Synergizes with Selenium to Inhibit the Release of pro-Inflammatory Mediators in Macrophages","volume":"105","author":"Appel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9324357","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9324357","article-title":"The Role of Flavonoids in Inhibiting Th17 Responses in Inflammatory Arthritis","volume":"2018","author":"Kelepouri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00601-3","article-title":"Metabolism as a Driver of Immunity","volume":"21","author":"Pearce","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0108024","article-title":"Glucose Metabolism in Lymphocytes Is a Regulated Process with Significant Effects on Immune Cell Function and Survival","volume":"84","author":"MacIver","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allegra, A., Petrarca, C., di Gioacchino, M., Casciaro, M., Musolino, C., and Gangemi, S. (2022). Modulation of Cellular Redox Parameters for Improving Therapeutic Responses in Multiple Myeloma. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11030455"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2005.10.007","article-title":"Targeting Antioxidants to Mitochondria: A New Therapeutic Direction","volume":"1762","author":"Sheu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201141550","article-title":"A Clinical Perspective of IL-1\u03b2 as the Gatekeeper of Inflammation","volume":"41","author":"Dinarello","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3949","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.624568","article-title":"Evolving Antibody Therapies for the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Ke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14692","article-title":"Peripheral Effector Memory Regulatory T Cells Are Incremented and Functionally Enhanced in Successful Mite Monomeric Allergoid Sublingual Immunotherapy","volume":"76","author":"Petrarca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"di Giampaolo, L., Zaccariello, G., Benedetti, A., Vecchiotti, G., Caposano, F., Sabbioni, E., Groppi, F., Manenti, S., Niu, Q., and Poma, A.M.G. (2021). Genotoxicity and Immunotoxicity of Titanium Dioxide-Embedded Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (TiO2@msn) in Primary Peripheral Human Blood Mononuclear Cells (Pbmc). Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11020270"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaa033","article-title":"Rheumatoid Arthritis and Dietary Interventions: Systematic Review of Clinical Trials","volume":"79","author":"Philippou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/12\/1\/132\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:00:17Z","timestamp":1760119217000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/12\/1\/132"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox12010132"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox12010132","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]}}}