{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T01:56:33Z","timestamp":1791338193567,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32002243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32002243"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20200932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20200932"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20220582"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20220582"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["[CX(21)3125]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[CX(21)3125]"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32002243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32002243"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20200932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20200932"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20220582"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20220582"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["[CX(21)3125]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[CX(21)3125]"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent","award":["32002243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32002243"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent","award":["BK20200932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20200932"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent","award":["BK20220582"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20220582"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent","award":["[CX(21)3125]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[CX(21)3125]"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Agricultural Science And Technology Innovation Fund","award":["32002243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32002243"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Agricultural Science And Technology Innovation Fund","award":["BK20200932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20200932"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Agricultural Science And Technology Innovation Fund","award":["BK20220582"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20220582"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Agricultural Science And Technology Innovation Fund","award":["[CX(21)3125]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[CX(21)3125]"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)","award":["32002243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32002243"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)","award":["BK20200932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20200932"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)","award":["BK20220582"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20220582"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)","award":["[CX(21)3125]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[CX(21)3125]"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Deoxynivalenol (DON) is among the most prevalent contaminants in cereal crops and has been demonstrated to impair male spermatogenesis and induce oxidative stress, testicular apoptosis, and disruption of the blood\u2013testis barrier (BTB). Lactoferrin (LF) is an iron-binding glycoprotein with multifunctions including anti-inflammation and antioxidation. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of LF on the spermatogenesis and integrity of the BTB in DON-exposed mice. Thirty-two male mice were allotted to four groups for a 35-day feeding period: vehicle (basal diet), DON (12 mg\/kg), LF (10 mg\/d, p.o.), and DON + LF. The results showed that DON induced vacuolization of the spermatogenic epithelium, broke the adhesion junction between Sertoli cells and spermatids established by N-cadherin and induced testicular oxidative stress. LF administration restored sperm production, attenuated the DON-induced oxidative stress and reduced the breakages in adhesion junction. DON exposure enhanced the protein expression of occludin. Transcriptional profiling of the testis observed a disturbance in the expression profiles of cell adhesion and inflammatory response genes, and LF administration reversed these gene expressions. Furthermore, down-regulated signaling pathways, including the apical junction, TNF\u03b1 signaling via NF-\u03baB, and TGF-\u03b2 in the DON group were observed. These were restored by LF. Enrichment analysis between DON + LF group and vehicle also confirmed the absence of these pathways. These findings indicated that LF eliminated the DON-induced detriment to spermatogenesis and cell connections between Sertoli cells and spermatids via improving antioxidant capacity and modifying the inflammatory response and cell adhesion genes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12010152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T02:31:30Z","timestamp":1673231490000},"page":"152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Lactoferrin Restores the Deoxynivalenol-Impaired Spermatogenesis and Blood\u2013Testis Barrier Integrity via Improving the Antioxidant Capacity and Modifying the Cell Adhesion and Inflammatory Response"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zhaojian","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiufang","family":"Zong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5486-2253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenbin","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8529-1147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao-Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0500-5292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Demin","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2019.1658570","article-title":"Worldwide contamination of food-crops with mycotoxins: Validity of the widely cited \u2018FAO estimate\u2019 of 25%","volume":"60","author":"Eskola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.50571","article-title":"Effect of Cooking Process on the Deoxynivalenol Content and Its Subsequent Cytotoxicity in Wheat Products","volume":"70","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2013.861613","article-title":"Influence of temperature and pH on the degradation of deoxynivalenol (DON) in aqueous medium: Comparative cytotoxicity of DON and degraded product","volume":"31","author":"Mishra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134592","article-title":"Risk assessment of the exposure to mycotoxins in dogs and cats through the consumption of commercial dry food","volume":"708","author":"Zumbado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3358\/shokueishi.54.213","article-title":"Survey of 7 trichothecenes in corn-derived feed and feed ingredients","volume":"54","author":"Ogiso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food. Hyg. Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121108","article-title":"Wastewater-based epidemiology for tracking human exposure to mycotoxins","volume":"382","author":"Zuccato","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viegas, S., Assun\u00e7\u00e3o, R., Martins, C., Nunes, C., Osteresch, B., Twaru\u017cek, M., Kosicki, R., Grajewski, J., Ribeiro, E., and Viegas, C. (2019). Occupational Exposure to Mycotoxins in Swine Production: Environmental and Biological Monitoring Approaches. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11020078"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2004.12.017","article-title":"Characterization of the effect of deoxynivalenol on selected male reproductive endpoints","volume":"43","author":"Sprando","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2016.01.003","article-title":"Prevention of deoxynivalenol- and zearalenone-associated oxidative stress does not restore MA-10 Leydig cell functions","volume":"341\u2013343","author":"Savard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2012.09.005","article-title":"An in vitro investigation of endocrine disrupting effects of trichothecenes deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 and HT-2 toxins","volume":"214","author":"Ndossi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, L., Dai, J., Xu, J., Yang, J., and Zhang, D. (2022). Comparative Cytotoxic Effects and Possible Mechanisms of Deoxynivalenol, Zearalenone and T-2 Toxin Exposure to Porcine Leydig Cells In Vitro. Toxins, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14020113"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114748","article-title":"Deoxynivalenol induced spermatogenesis disorder by blood-testis barrier disruption associated with testosterone deficiency and inflammation in mice","volume":"264","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-019-9520-5","article-title":"Bacteriostatic and Bactericidal Activities of Camel Lactoferrins against Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi","volume":"12","author":"Almehdar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.2174\/138161209788453202","article-title":"Lactoferrin as a natural immune modulator","volume":"15","author":"Actor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Design"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2012.1198","article-title":"Lactoferrin protects against prion protein-induced cell death in neuronal cells by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction","volume":"31","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-014-9779-7","article-title":"Effects of lactoferrin on intestinal epithelial cell growth and differentiation: An in vivo and in vitro study","volume":"27","author":"Blais","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7262.2008.00356.x","article-title":"Sperm quality improvement after natural anti-oxidant treatment of asthenoteratospermic men with leukocytospermia","volume":"10","author":"Piomboni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Y.N., Li, S.L., Yang, X., Wang, J.Q., and Zheng, N. (2021). The Protective Effects of Lactoferrin on Aflatoxin M1-Induced Compromised Intestinal Integrity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010289"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13405","article-title":"Lactoferrin protects against intestinal inflammation and bacteria-induced barrier dysfunction in vitro","volume":"1405","author":"Hering","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Zheng, M., Shi, Q., Li, Z., Wei, Z., Chen, W., Zhang, Y., and Dominik, H. (2008). An Epididymis-Specific Secretory Protein HongrES1 Critically Regulates Sperm Capacitation and Male Fertility. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004106"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711398","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.711398","article-title":"Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid Modulates the Hepatic Circadian Clock Program via PPAR\u03b1\/REV-ERB\u03b1-Mediated Chromatin Modification in Mice","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12529-3","article-title":"ROR\u03b3 is a targetable master regulator of cholesterol biosynthesis in a cancer subtype","volume":"10","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212\u0394\u0394CT Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13010039","article-title":"A Two-Year Occurrence of Fusarium T-2 and HT-2 Toxin in Croatian Cereals Relative of the Regional Weather","volume":"13","author":"Ki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"9","article-title":"High Prevalence of Male infertility in Africa: Are Mycotoxins to Blame?","volume":"19","author":"Eze","year":"2015","journal-title":"Afr. J. Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b04783","article-title":"Toxic Effects and Possible Mechanisms of Deoxynivalenol Exposure on Sperm and Testicular Damage in BALB\/c Mice","volume":"67","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2016.01.014","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG modulates intestinal mucosal barrier and inflammation in mice following combined dietary exposure to deoxynivalenol and zearalenone","volume":"22","author":"Wan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2014.06.027","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in Deoxynivalenol induced toxicity","volume":"72","author":"Mishra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2021.112514","article-title":"Deoxynivalenol exposure induces liver damage in mice: Inflammation and immune responses, oxidative stress, and protective effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG","volume":"156","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2015.12.007","article-title":"The Fusarium toxin zearalenone and deoxynivalenol affect murine splenic antioxidant functions, interferon levels, and T-cell subsets","volume":"41","author":"Ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, M.M., Xiao, H., Ren, W.K., Yin, J., Tan, B., Liu, G., Li, L., Nyachoti, C.M., Xiong, X., and Wu, G.Y. (2014). Therapeutic Effects of Glutamic Acid in Piglets Challenged with Deoxynivalenol. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100591"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1707.07040","article-title":"Lactoferrin Protects Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Oxidative Stress-Induced Senescence and Apoptosis","volume":"27","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.2174\/157340611795564286","article-title":"Antioxidant Enzyme Activities of Iron-Saturated Bovine Lactoferrin (Fe-bLf) in Human Gut Epithelial Cells Under Oxidative Stress","volume":"7","author":"Burrow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2003-0030","article-title":"Overview of steroidogenic enzymes in the pathway from cholesterol to active steroid hormones","volume":"25","author":"Payne","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2016.01.006","article-title":"Testosterone and Male Infertility","volume":"43","author":"Lipshultz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-15-0018","article-title":"Effects of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol on steroidogenesis and apoptosis in granulosa cells","volume":"149","author":"Chorfi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3406","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins6123406","article-title":"Direct Activation of Ribosome-Associated Double-Stranded RNA-Dependent Protein Kinase (PKR) by Deoxynivalenol, Anisomycin and Ricin: A New Model for Ribotoxic Stress Response Induction","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00152","article-title":"Structural, cellular and molecular aspects of immune privilege in the testis","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2003-0022","article-title":"Sertoli-Sertoli and Sertoli-Germ Cell Interactions and Their Significance in Germ Cell Movement in the Seminiferous Epithelium during Spermatogenesis","volume":"25","author":"Mruk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2014-1101","article-title":"The Mammalian Blood-Testis Barrier: Its Biology and Regulation","volume":"36","author":"Mruk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R15","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-15-0366","article-title":"Blood-testis barrier and Sertoli cell function: Lessons from SCCx43KO mice","volume":"151","author":"Gerber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17998","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1007047107","article-title":"Connexin 43 is critical to maintain the homeostasis of the blood\u2013testis barrier via its effects on tight junction reassembly","volume":"107","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2016.1159377","article-title":"Autophagy is required for ectoplasmic specialization assembly in sertoli cells","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1080\/15376516.2017.1410743","article-title":"Urban fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure destroys blood-testis barrier (BTB) integrity through excessive ROS-mediated autophagy","volume":"28","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0299-1","article-title":"Characterization of semen quality, testicular marker enzyme activities and gene expression changes in the blood testis barrier of Kunming mice following acute exposure to zearalenone","volume":"24","author":"Long","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02404-4","article-title":"Effect of Nano-Titanium Dioxide on Blood-Testis Barrier and MAPK Signaling Pathway in Male Mice","volume":"199","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piprek, R.P., Kloc, M., Mizia, P., and Kubiak, J.Z. (2020). The Central Role of Cadherins in Gonad Development, Reproduction, and Fertility. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202010.0037.v1"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.2741\/3366","article-title":"Rab family small G proteins in regulation of epithelial apical junctions","volume":"14","author":"Nishimura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Biosci.-Landmark"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451400107X","article-title":"Enteral supplementation of bovine lactoferrin improves gut barrier function in rats after massive bowel resection","volume":"112","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8516","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO01570A","article-title":"Lactoferrin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammatory responses and barrier impairment through the modulation of NF-\u03baB\/MAPK\/Nrf2 pathways in IPEC-J2 cells","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.21-0269","article-title":"Effect of lactoferrin on murine sperm apoptosis induced by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide","volume":"83","author":"Aya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0124","article-title":"Male germ cell apoptosis: Regulation and biology","volume":"365","author":"Shaha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.110.002790","article-title":"The Blood-Testis Barrier and Its Implications for Male Contraception","volume":"64","author":"Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"4480","article-title":"TNFalpha down-regulates the Fas ligand and inhibits germ cell apoptosis in the human testis","volume":"86","author":"Pentikainen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1510629","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) promotes cell survival during spermatogenesis, and this effect can be blocked by infliximab, a TNF-alpha antagonist","volume":"151","author":"Suominen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Y., and Liu, W.Y. (2013). Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b21 (TGF-\u03b21) Regulates Cell Junction Restructuring via Smad-Mediated Repression and Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis of Nectin-like Molecule 2 (Necl-2). PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064316"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0378(93)90015-A","article-title":"Role of transforming growth factor \u03b2 in testicular immunosuppression","volume":"24","author":"Jahnukainen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/12\/1\/152\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:03:51Z","timestamp":1760119431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/12\/1\/152"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox12010152"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox12010152","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]}}}