{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:04:28Z","timestamp":1787069068378,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite a relatively developed understanding of the pathophysiology underlying primary and secondary mechanisms of cell death after ischemic injury, there are few established treatments to improve stroke prognoses. A major contributor to secondary cell death is mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent advancements in cell-based therapies suggest that stem cells may be revolutionary for treating stroke, and the reestablishment of mitochondrial integrity may underlie these therapeutic benefits. In fact, functioning mitochondria are imperative for reducing oxidative damage and neuroinflammation following stroke and reperfusion injury. In this review, we will discuss the role of mitochondria in establishing the anti-oxidative effects of stem cell therapies for stroke.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12010178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T03:11:02Z","timestamp":1673493062000},"page":"178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Mitochondria in Cell-Based Therapy for Stroke"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Molly","family":"Monsour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9161-5160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonah","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5016-209X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gavin","family":"Lockard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6986-788X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Alayli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2966-9782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesar V.","family":"Borlongan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.12.042","article-title":"Activity-driven local ATP synthesis is required for synaptic function","volume":"156","author":"Rangaraju","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.09.005","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and mitochondria: A nexus of cellular homeostasis","volume":"6","author":"Alvarez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Redox. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2019.05.022","article-title":"Mitochondria as playmakers of apoptosis, autophagy and senescence","volume":"98","author":"Abate","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"623","article-title":"Calcium Transport and Signaling in Mitochondria","volume":"7","author":"Parra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00045","DOI":"10.1042\/AN20100019","article-title":"Mitochondria and neuroplasticity","volume":"2","author":"Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"ASN Neuro."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2012.08.002","article-title":"Physical exercise as a possible strategy for brain protection: Evidence from mitochondrial-mediated mechanisms","volume":"99","author":"Oliveira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.06.027","article-title":"Physical exercise improves brain cortex and cerebellum mitochondrial bioenergetics and alters apoptotic, dynamic and auto(mito)phagy markers","volume":"301","author":"Moreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01218352","article-title":"Axoplasmic organelles at nodes of Ranvier. II. Occurrence and distribution in large myelinated spinal cord axons of the adult cat","volume":"22","author":"Fabricius","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurocytol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12263","article-title":"Regulation of mitochondrial dynamics and distribution by synapse position and neuronal activity in the axon","volume":"38","author":"Obashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e05-06-0526","article-title":"Kinesin-1 and Dynein are the primary motors for fast transport of mitochondria in Drosophila motor axons","volume":"17","author":"Pilling","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11583","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.11583","article-title":"Dendritic mitochondria reach stable positions during circuit development","volume":"5","author":"Faits","year":"2016","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2015.12.006","article-title":"Mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 regulates mitochondrial transport and dendritic arborization in cerebellar Purkinje cells","volume":"71","author":"Fukumitsu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1113166109","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and Purkinje cell loss in autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS)","volume":"109","author":"Girard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2012.81","article-title":"The pathways of mitophagy for quality control and clearance of mitochondria","volume":"20","author":"Ashrafi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120080","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.120080","article-title":"PINK1 is activated by mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization and stimulates Parkin E3 ligase activity by phosphorylating Serine 65","volume":"2","author":"Kondapalli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-016-2485-8","article-title":"Mitochondrial quality control by the Pink1\/Parkin system","volume":"367","author":"Wilkening","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X13666151030104414","article-title":"Counteracting PINK\/Parkin Deficiency in the Activation of Mitophagy: A Potential Therapeutic Intervention for Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"14","author":"Nardin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2015.08.016","article-title":"The PINK1-PARKIN Mitochondrial Ubiquitylation Pathway Drives a Program of OPTN\/NDP52 Recruitment and TBK1 Activation to Promote Mitophagy","volume":"60","author":"Heo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cell."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-021-10212-z","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Enhances Autophagy-Mediated Death Of Stem Cells Through Erk1\/2 Signaling Pathway-Implications For Neurotransplantations","volume":"17","author":"Prakash","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem. Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2010.09.009","article-title":"Mitochondrial autophagy in neural function, neurodegenerative disease, neuron cell death, and aging","volume":"43","author":"Batlevi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.036948","article-title":"Neuroinflammation, Stem Cells, and Stroke","volume":"53","author":"Anthony","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-102108-134850","article-title":"The role of mitochondria in apoptosis*","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2021.129898","article-title":"Galactose in human metabolism, glycosylation and congenital metabolic diseases: Time for a closer look","volume":"1865","author":"Conte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2004.02.005","article-title":"Mitochondrial free radical production and cell signaling","volume":"25","author":"Cadenas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000001828","article-title":"Enhancing oxidative phosphorylation over glycolysis for energy production in cultured mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"33","author":"Monsour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gordon, J., Lockard, G., Monsour, M., Alayli, A., and Borlongan, C.V. (2022). The Role of Concomitant Nrf2 Targeting and Stem Cell Therapy in Cerebrovascular Disease. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11081447"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jurcau, A., and Ardelean, A.I. (2022). Oxidative Stress in Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injuries following Acute Ischemic Stroke. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10030574"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-020-00853-6","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Mediated Mitochondrial Transfer: A Therapeutic Approach for Ischemic Stroke","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18928","article-title":"Transfer of mitochondria from astrocytes to neurons after stroke","volume":"535","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorsky, A., Monsour, M., Nguyen, H., Castelli, V., Lee, J.-Y., and Borlongan, C.V. (2022). Metabolic Switching of Cultured Mesenchymal Stem Cells Creates Super Mitochondria in Rescuing Ischemic Neurons. NeuroMolecular Med.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-022-08720-3"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02194-z","article-title":"The role and mechanism of mitochondrial functions and energy metabolism in the function regulation of the mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"12","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem. Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2014.09.011","article-title":"Neuroprotective action of resveratrol","volume":"1852","author":"Bastianetto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101211","article-title":"The role of Nrf2 in neural stem\/progenitors cells: From maintaining stemness and self-renewal to promoting differentiation capability and facilitating therapeutic application in neurodegenerative disease","volume":"65","author":"Kahroba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.3727\/096368913X667709","article-title":"Paracrine mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy: Current status and perspectives","volume":"23","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00228","article-title":"Role of exosomes\/microvesicles in the nervous system and use in emerging therapies","volume":"3","author":"Lai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2578","article-title":"Intravenously Transplanted Human Bone Marrow Endothelial Progenitor Cells Engraft Within Brain Capillaries, Preserve Mitochondrial Morphology, and Display Pinocytotic Activity Toward Blood-Brain Barrier Repair in Ischemic Stroke Rats","volume":"35","author":"Haller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem. Cells"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babenko, V.A., Silachev, D.N., Popkov, V.A., Zorova, L.D., Pevzner, I.B., Plotnikov, E.Y., Sukhikh, G.T., and Zorov, D.B. (2018). Miro1 Enhances Mitochondria Transfer from Multipotent Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MMSC) to Neural Cells and Improves the Efficacy of Cell Recovery. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23030687"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2019.01.001","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells transfer mitochondria into cerebral microvasculature and promote recovery from ischemic stroke","volume":"123","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2020.09.018","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells-derived mitochondria transplantation mitigates I\/R-induced injury, abolishes I\/R-induced apoptosis, and restores motor function in acute ischemia stroke rat model","volume":"165","author":"Roushandeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11234","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.202807","article-title":"Ischemic-hypoxic preconditioning enhances the mitochondrial function recovery of transplanted olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells via miR-181a signaling in ischemic stroke","volume":"13","author":"Zhuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106801","article-title":"Intranasal administration of mitochondria alleviated cognitive impairments and mitochondrial dysfunction in the photothrombotic model of mPFC stroke in mice","volume":"31","author":"Hosseini","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.08.025","article-title":"Coenzyme Q10 protects neural stem cells against hypoxia by enhancing survival signals","volume":"1478","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12208","article-title":"Oxygen-glucose-deprived rat primary neural cells exhibit DJ-1 translocation into healthy mitochondria: A potent stroke therapeutic target","volume":"20","author":"Kaneko","year":"2014","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2856","article-title":"Protective Effects of Endothelial Progenitor Cell-Derived Extracellular Mitochondria in Brain Endothelium","volume":"36","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem. Cells"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mod.2012.11.006","article-title":"Tunneling nanotubes, an emerging intercellular communication route in development","volume":"130","author":"Gerdes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mech. Dev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2016.00107","article-title":"Mitochondria Know No Boundaries: Mechanisms and Functions of Intercellular Mitochondrial Transfer","volume":"4","author":"Torralba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1002\/embj.201488441","article-title":"Miro1: New wheels for transferring mitochondria","volume":"33","author":"Las","year":"2014","journal-title":"Embo J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C343","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00095.2018","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in ischemic stroke: Targeting tight junctions and transporters for vascular protection","volume":"315","author":"Abdullahi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monsour, M., and Borlongan, C.V. (2023). The central role of peripheral inflammation in ischemic stroke. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 271678X221149509.","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X221149509"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15091","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607260103","article-title":"DJ-1, a cancer- and Parkinson\u2019s disease-associated protein, stabilizes the antioxidant transcriptional master regulator Nrf2","volume":"103","author":"Clements","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4022","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M707176200","article-title":"DJ-1 decreases Bax expression through repressing p53 transcriptional activity","volume":"283","author":"Fan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.4103\/bc.bc_14_18","article-title":"Mitochondrial targeting as a novel therapy for stroke","volume":"4","author":"Russo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Circ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17187","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M501250200","article-title":"Mechanism of human SIRT1 activation by resveratrol","volume":"280","author":"Borra","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2012.648926","article-title":"SIRT1: New avenues of discovery for disorders of oxidative stress","volume":"16","author":"Chong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795409","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.795409","article-title":"Resveratrol has an Overall Neuroprotective Role in Ischemic Stroke: A Meta-Analysis in Rodents","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16504","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.208447","article-title":"Alternative mitochondrial electron transfer as a novel strategy for neuroprotection","volume":"286","author":"Wen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.01.027","article-title":"Methylene blue potentiates stimulus-evoked fMRI responses and cerebral oxygen consumption during normoxia and hypoxia","volume":"72","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.023815","article-title":"Clinical Effects of Early Edaravone Use in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Treated by Endovascular Reperfusion Therapy","volume":"50","author":"Enomoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.09.006","article-title":"Administration of edaravone, a free radical scavenger, during t-PA infusion can enhance early recanalization in acute stroke patients-a preliminary study","volume":"313","author":"Kimura","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tirilazad International Steering Committee (2000). Tirilazad mesylate in acute ischemic stroke: A systematic review. Stroke, 31, 2257\u20132265.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.31.9.2257"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60813-7","article-title":"Citicoline in the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke: An international, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled study (ICTUS trial)","volume":"380","author":"Davalos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.31.11.2543","article-title":"Lubeluzole in acute ischemic stroke treatment: A double-blind study with an 8-hour inclusion window comparing a 10-mg daily dose of lubeluzole with placebo","volume":"31","author":"Diener","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gandolfo, C., Sandercock, P., and Conti, M. (2002). Lubeluzole for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD001924.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001924"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1161\/str.29.6.1256\/a","article-title":"High-dose tirilazad for acute stroke (RANTTAS II). RANTTAS II Investigators","volume":"29","author":"Haley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000241106.81293.2b","article-title":"On the analysis and interpretation of outcome measures in stroke clinical trials: Lessons from the SAINT I study of NXY-059 for acute ischemic stroke","volume":"37","author":"Koziol","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.29.1.12","article-title":"Ebselen in acute ischemic stroke: A placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Ebselen Study Group","volume":"29","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, A., Kukreti, R., Saso, L., and Kukreti, S. (2019). Oxidative Stress: A Key Modulator in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24081583"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv008","article-title":"Dysfunction in endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria crosstalk underlies SIGMAR1 loss of function mediated motor neuron degeneration","volume":"138","author":"Medard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2015.12.003","article-title":"Allogeneic\/xenogeneic transplantation of peptide-labeled mitochondria in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Restoration of mitochondria functions and attenuation of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity","volume":"170","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.09.069","article-title":"Adipose-derived stem cell exosomes alleviate pathology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in vitro","volume":"479","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2017.02.005","article-title":"Intravenous administration of mitochondria for treating experimental Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"34","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190853","article-title":"Mitochondrial Transfer Ameliorates Cognitive Deficits, Neuronal Loss, and Gliosis in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Mice","volume":"72","author":"Nitzan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-020-00190-6","article-title":"Human iPSCs derived astrocytes rescue rotenone-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in vitro by donating functional mitochondria","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-022-00329-7","article-title":"Targeting the overexpressed mitochondrial protein VDAC1 in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease protects against mitochondrial dysfunction and mitigates brain pathology","volume":"11","author":"Verma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4515","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddr381","article-title":"Impaired mitochondrial biogenesis, defective axonal transport of mitochondria, abnormal mitochondrial dynamics and synaptic degeneration in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Calkins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2011.09.001","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and accumulation of the \u03b2-secretase-cleaved C-terminal fragment of APP in Alzheimer\u2019s disease transgenic mice","volume":"45","author":"Devi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2011.08.001","article-title":"Interaction between NH(2)-tau fragment and A\u03b2 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease mitochondria contributes to the synaptic deterioration","volume":"33","author":"Amadoro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silzer, T.K., Pathak, G.A., and Phillips, N.R. (2020). Mitochondrial tRNA methylation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and progressive supranuclear palsy. BMC Med. Genom., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-020-0727-9"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2022.105753","article-title":"Neuron-astrocyte transmitophagy is altered in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"170","author":"Lampinen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-014-8640-x","article-title":"Neural stem cell transplants improve cognitive function without altering amyloid pathology in an APP\/PS1 double transgenic model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"50","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22405","article-title":"Human neural stem cells improve cognition and promote synaptic growth in two complementary transgenic models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and neuronal loss","volume":"25","author":"Ager","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2015.09.010","article-title":"ESC-Derived Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neurons Ameliorate the Cognitive Symptoms Associated with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease in Mouse Models","volume":"5","author":"Yue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem. Cell Reports"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2016.11.001","article-title":"Genetics of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Lill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Probes."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1704-z","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein binds to the ER-mitochondria tethering protein VAPB to disrupt Ca(2+) homeostasis and mitochondrial ATP production","volume":"134","author":"Paillusson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2015.02.031","article-title":"Progressive dopaminergic alterations and mitochondrial abnormalities in LRRK2 G2019S knock-in mice","volume":"78","author":"Yue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201401070","article-title":"Mitophagy of damaged mitochondria occurs locally in distal neuronal axons and requires PINK1 and Parkin","volume":"206","author":"Ashrafi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11696","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1500624112","article-title":"Parkin loss leads to PARIS-dependent declines in mitochondrial mass and respiration","volume":"112","author":"Stevens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615461","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.615461","article-title":"Targeting Mitochondrial Impairment in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"8","author":"Prasuhn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fairley, L.H., Grimm, A., and Eckert, A. (2022). Mitochondria Transfer in Brain Injury and Disease. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11223603"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2014.09.017","article-title":"Human ESC-derived dopamine neurons show similar preclinical efficacy and potency to fetal neurons when grafted in a rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Grealish","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Stem. Cell"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2015.01.018","article-title":"Successful function of autologous iPSC-derived dopamine neurons following transplantation in a non-human primate model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Hallett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Stem. Cell"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddt528","article-title":"Abnormal mitochondrial transport and morphology are common pathological denominators in SOD1 and TDP43 ALS mouse models","volume":"23","author":"Cortez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2014.08.012","article-title":"Methyl pyruvate rescues mitochondrial damage caused by SIGMAR1 mutation related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"1840","author":"Tagashira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2019.1627324","article-title":"Stem cell treatments for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A critical overview of early phase trials","volume":"28","author":"Goutman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"21","article-title":"The potential for the use of mononuclear cells from human umbilical cord blood in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in SOD1 mice","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1089\/152581603322022990","article-title":"Intravenous administration of human umbilical cord blood cells in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Distribution, migration, and differentiation","volume":"12","author":"Willing","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hematother. Stem. Cell. Res."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/12\/1\/178\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:03:57Z","timestamp":1760119437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/12\/1\/178"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox12010178"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox12010178","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]}}}