{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T12:43:57Z","timestamp":1784033037195,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2021M3C1C3097647"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M3C1C3097647"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2021R1F1A1061145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1F1A1061145"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2021R1F1A1063492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1F1A1063492"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2022H1D3A2A02053125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022H1D3A2A02053125"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["1415181794"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1415181794"]}]},{"name":"Brain Pool program","award":["2021M3C1C3097647"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M3C1C3097647"]}]},{"name":"Brain Pool program","award":["2021R1F1A1061145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1F1A1061145"]}]},{"name":"Brain Pool program","award":["2021R1F1A1063492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1F1A1063492"]}]},{"name":"Brain Pool program","award":["2022H1D3A2A02053125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022H1D3A2A02053125"]}]},{"name":"Brain Pool program","award":["1415181794"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1415181794"]}]},{"name":"Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology (KICET)","award":["2021M3C1C3097647"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M3C1C3097647"]}]},{"name":"Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology (KICET)","award":["2021R1F1A1061145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1F1A1061145"]}]},{"name":"Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology (KICET)","award":["2021R1F1A1063492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1F1A1063492"]}]},{"name":"Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology (KICET)","award":["2022H1D3A2A02053125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022H1D3A2A02053125"]}]},{"name":"Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology (KICET)","award":["1415181794"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1415181794"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bioactive compounds are widely used in the bio-industry because of their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Because of excessive oxidative stress, which causes various diseases in humans, and because preservatives used in bioproducts cause allergies and contact dermatitis, it is important to use natural bioactive compounds in bioproducts to minimize oxidative stress. \u03b1-bisabolol (ABS) is a natural compound with both antioxidant and antibacterial properties. However, its water-insolubility makes its utilization in bioproducts difficult. In this study, ABS-loaded polyglyceryl-4 caprate nanoparticles (ABS@NPs) with improved aqueous stability and ABS loading were fabricated using an encapsulation method. The long-term stability of the ABS@NPs was analyzed with dynamic light scattering and methylene blue-staining to determine the optimized ABS concentration in ABS@NPs (10 wt%). The ABS@NPs exhibited excellent antioxidant activity, according to the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay and in vitro reactive oxygen species generation in NIH-3T3 fibroblast cells, and an outstanding antibacterial effect, as determined using the Staphylococcus aureus colony-counting method. Furthermore, we evaluated the biocompatibility of the ABS@NPs in vitro. This study suggests that ABS@NPs with improved antioxidant and antibacterial properties can be used to treat diseases related to various oxidative stresses and can be applied in many fields, such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and foods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12010207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T04:06:47Z","timestamp":1673842007000},"page":"207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Facile Fabrication of \u03b1-Bisabolol Nanoparticles with Improved Antioxidant and Antibacterial Effects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sangwoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bio-Healthcare Materials, Bio-Convergence Materials R&D Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 202 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohyeon","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bio-Healthcare Materials, Bio-Convergence Materials R&D Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 202 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jisu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bio-Healthcare Materials, Bio-Convergence Materials R&D Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 202 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6794-4300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nisar Ul","family":"Khaliq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61 Daehak-ro, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won Il","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bio-Healthcare Materials, Bio-Convergence Materials R&D Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 202 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3958-7999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyungjun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61 Daehak-ro, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1634-3916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daekyung","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bio-Healthcare Materials, Bio-Convergence Materials R&D Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 202 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00756","article-title":"Plant and Microalgae Derived Peptides Are Advantageously Employed as Bioactive Compounds in Cosmetics","volume":"10","author":"Apone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00003544","article-title":"Microalgae as sources of pharmaceuticals and other biologically active compounds","volume":"7","author":"Borowitzka","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-011-0121-7","article-title":"Functional foods: An overview","volume":"20","author":"Kaur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02703339","article-title":"An overview of the non-mevalonate pathway for terpenoid biosynthesis in plants","volume":"28","author":"Dubey","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200890027","article-title":"Terpenoid Compositions, and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of the Rhizome Essential Oils of Different Hedychium Species","volume":"5","author":"Joshi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.14178","article-title":"Why do plants produce so many terpenoid compounds?","volume":"220","author":"Pichersky","year":"2018","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H., Yu, S., Kim, J., Baek, K., Lee, Y.R., Lee, H.S., Choi, W.I., and Sung, D. (2022). Facile Solvent-Free Preparation of Antioxidant Idebenone-Loaded Nanoparticles for Efficient Wound Healing. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14030521"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600124","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201600124","article-title":"Reactive-Oxygen-Species-Responsive Drug Delivery Systems: Promises and Challenges","volume":"4","author":"Saravanakumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.9b00628","article-title":"Recent Advances on Reactive Oxygen Species-Responsive Delivery and Diagnosis System","volume":"20","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.13103\/JFHS.2017.32.3.243","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-aging effects of extracts from leaves of Castanea crenata Siebold & Zucc. in human dermal fibroblast","volume":"32","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Hyg. Saf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y.e., Chen, C., Wang, X., Sun, Y., Zhang, J., Chen, J., and Shi, Y. (2022). An epigenetic role of mitochondria in cancer. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11162518"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-022-00591-7","article-title":"From 1901 to 2022, how far are we from truly understanding the pathogenesis of age-related dementia?","volume":"44","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860479","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/860479","article-title":"The role of antioxidants in skin cancer prevention and treatment","volume":"2014","author":"Godic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201300576","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species-scavenging nanomedicines for the treatment of oxidative stress injuries","volume":"3","author":"Yoshitomi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.05.044","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species scavenging with a biodegradable, thermally responsive hydrogel compatible with soft tissue injection","volume":"177","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18877","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18877","article-title":"Potent Antibacterial Nanoparticles against Biofilm and Intracellular Bacteria","volume":"6","author":"Mu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2003.1.575","article-title":"Bacterial contamination of blood components: Risks, strategies, and regulation: Joint ASH and AABB educational session in transfusion medicine","volume":"2003","author":"Hillyer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hematol. Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain, M.A. (2016). Food Contamination: Major Challenges of the Future. Foods, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods5020021"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/84.3.671","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of microbial contamination in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products: A review","volume":"84","author":"Jimenez","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2009.01.001","article-title":"A review on the use of cyclodextrins in foods","volume":"23","author":"Astray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2017.01.028","article-title":"Potential impacts of silver nanoparticles on bacteria in the aquatic environment","volume":"191","author":"Sheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s40521-016-0102-4","article-title":"Preservative Sensitization\u2014Safety With and Safety Without","volume":"3","author":"Hughes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Allergy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.721","article-title":"Review on the toxicity of ethylmercury including its presence as a preservative in biological and pharmaceutical products","volume":"21","author":"Magos","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-018-1492-2","article-title":"Antimicrobial Ingredients as Preservative Booster and Components of Self-Preserving Cosmetic Products","volume":"76","author":"Herman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"241","article-title":"Antibacterial activities of bacteriocins: Application in foods and pharmaceuticals","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090932","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1090932","article-title":"Natural Preservatives to Improve Food Quality and Safety","volume":"2017","author":"Bondi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Qual."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.2478\/hepo-2013-0030","article-title":"Application of essential oils as natural cosmetic preservatives","volume":"59","author":"Dreger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Herba Pol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7855","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S143324","article-title":"Triclosan resistance reversion by encapsulation in chitosan-coated-nanocapsule containing alpha-bisabolol as core: Development of wound dressing","volume":"12","author":"Jornada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2554","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-014-2554-4","article-title":"The inclusion into PLGA nanoparticles enables \u03b1-bisabolol to efficiently inhibit the human dendritic cell pro-inflammatory activity","volume":"16","author":"Marongiu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2016.10.002","article-title":"In vivo prophylactic gastroprotection using \u03b1-bisabolol encapsulated in lipid-core nanocapsules and in cocoa-theospheres","volume":"36","author":"Terroso","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2020.110948","article-title":"Deciphering the anti-apoptotic potential of alpha-bisabolol loaded solid lipid nanoparticles against Abeta induced neurotoxicity in Neuro-2a cells","volume":"190","author":"Sathya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Sur. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120728","article-title":"Pharmacological and biological effects of alpha-bisabolol: An updated review of the molecular mechanisms","volume":"304","author":"Ramazani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eddin, L.B., Jha, N.K., Goyal, S.N., Agrawal, Y.O., Subramanya, S.B., Bastaki, S.M.A., and Ojha, S. (2022). Health Benefits, Pharmacological Effects, Molecular Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potential of alpha-Bisabolol. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14071370"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TB02533B","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive ferrocene-polymer-based nanoparticles for controlled release of drugs","volume":"8","author":"Na","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.1208","article-title":"Validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of (\u2212)-alpha-bisabolol from particulate systems","volume":"23","author":"Detoni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120205","article-title":"alpha-Tocopherol-loaded reactive oxygen species-scavenging ferrocene nanocapsules with high antioxidant efficacy for wound healing","volume":"596","author":"Na","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4479","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S130798","article-title":"alpha-bisabolol-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules reduce lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary inflammation in mice","volume":"12","author":"Ciambarella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"49","article-title":"Antiproliferative effects of Matricaria chamomilla on Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"2","author":"Hosseinpour","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. HerbMed Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2006.01.038","article-title":"Antioxidative activity of chitosans with varying molecular weights","volume":"101","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1351\/PAC-REP-12-07-15","article-title":"Methods of measurement and evaluation of natural antioxidant capacity\/activity (IUPAC Technical Report)","volume":"85","author":"Apak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9231","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S272650","article-title":"&lt;p&gt;Potential Antioxidant and Wound Healing Effect of Nano-Liposol with High Loading Amount of Astaxanthin","volume":"15","author":"Oh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.06.020","article-title":"Evaluation of the antibacterial and modulatory potential of alpha-bisabolol, beta-cyclodextrin and alpha-bisabolol\/beta-cyclodextrin complex","volume":"92","author":"Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, H., Lee, J.S., Lee, H.S., Sung, D., and Choi, W.I. (2021). A Novel Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Stabilized Illite Microparticle with Enhanced Antioxidant and Antibacterial Effect. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13244275"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2018.05.075","article-title":"\u03b1-Bisabolol loaded solid lipid nanoparticles attenuates A\u03b2 aggregation and protects Neuro-2a cells from A\u03b2 induced neurotoxicity","volume":"264","author":"Sathya","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herrera-Calderon, O., Chacaltana-Ramos, L.J., Huayanca-Gutierrez, I.C., Algarni, M.A., Alqarni, M., and Batiha, G.E. (2021). Chemical Constituents, In Vitro Antioxidant Activity and In Silico Study on NADPH Oxidase of Allium sativum L. (Garlic) Essential Oil. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10111844"}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/12\/1\/207\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:07:12Z","timestamp":1760119632000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/12\/1\/207"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox12010207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox12010207","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]}}}