{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:04:32Z","timestamp":1787771072853,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"MINECO-Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI20\/0660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/0660"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"MINECO-Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI21\/00654"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00654"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"MINECO-Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI-0071-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI-0071-2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"MINECO-Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PY20_00773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PY20_00773"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ISCIII, Consejer\u00eda de Salud","award":["PI20\/0660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/0660"]}]},{"name":"ISCIII, Consejer\u00eda de Salud","award":["PI21\/00654"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00654"]}]},{"name":"ISCIII, Consejer\u00eda de Salud","award":["PI-0071-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI-0071-2021"]}]},{"name":"ISCIII, Consejer\u00eda de Salud","award":["PY20_00773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PY20_00773"]}]},{"name":"Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","award":["PI20\/0660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/0660"]}]},{"name":"Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","award":["PI21\/00654"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00654"]}]},{"name":"Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","award":["PI-0071-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI-0071-2021"]}]},{"name":"Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","award":["PY20_00773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PY20_00773"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII)","award":["PI20\/0660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/0660"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII)","award":["PI21\/00654"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00654"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII)","award":["PI-0071-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI-0071-2021"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII)","award":["PY20_00773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PY20_00773"]}]},{"name":"European Social Fund","award":["PI20\/0660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/0660"]}]},{"name":"European Social Fund","award":["PI21\/00654"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00654"]}]},{"name":"European Social Fund","award":["PI-0071-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI-0071-2021"]}]},{"name":"European Social Fund","award":["PY20_00773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PY20_00773"]}]},{"name":"Nicol\u00e1s Monardes Programme, Consejer\u00eda de Salud-SAS (Junta de Andaluc\u00eda)","award":["PI20\/0660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/0660"]}]},{"name":"Nicol\u00e1s Monardes Programme, Consejer\u00eda de Salud-SAS (Junta de Andaluc\u00eda)","award":["PI21\/00654"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00654"]}]},{"name":"Nicol\u00e1s Monardes Programme, Consejer\u00eda de Salud-SAS (Junta de Andaluc\u00eda)","award":["PI-0071-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI-0071-2021"]}]},{"name":"Nicol\u00e1s Monardes Programme, Consejer\u00eda de Salud-SAS (Junta de Andaluc\u00eda)","award":["PY20_00773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PY20_00773"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are commonly associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and in these patients Mg concentration is usually decreased. This study evaluated whether a dietary Mg supplementation might attenuate vascular dysfunction through the modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation in concurrent MetS and CKD. Methods: A rat model of MetS (Zucker strain) with CKD (5\/6 nephrectomy, Nx) was used. Nephrectomized animals were fed a normal 0.1%Mg (MetS+Nx+Mg0.1%) or a supplemented 0.6%Mg (MetS+Nx+Mg0.6%) diet; Sham-operated rats with MetS receiving 0.1%Mg were used as controls. Results: As compared to controls, the MetS+Nx-Mg0.1% group showed a significant increase in oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers (lipid peroxidation and aortic interleukin-1b and -6 expression) and Endothelin-1 levels, a decrease in nitric oxide and a worsening in uremia and MetS associated pathology as hypertension, and abnormal glucose and lipid profile. Moreover, proteomic evaluation revealed changes mainly related to lipid metabolism and CVD markers. By contrast, in the MetS+Nx+Mg0.6% group, these parameters remained largely similar to controls. Conclusion: In concurrent MetS and CKD, dietary Mg supplementation reduced inflammation and oxidative stress and improved vascular function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T05:57:23Z","timestamp":1675058243000},"page":"283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Dietary Mg Supplementation Decreases Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Vascular Dysfunction in an Experimental Model of Metabolic Syndrome with Renal Failure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"L\u00f3pez-Baltan\u00e1s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Maim\u00f3nides de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de C\u00f3rdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital\/University of Cordoba, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3696-582X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda E.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Maim\u00f3nides de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de C\u00f3rdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital\/University of Cordoba, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"},{"name":"Redes de Investigaci\u00f3n Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5192-5212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan M.","family":"D\u00edaz-Tocados","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital, 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1945-5078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio M.","family":"Martinez-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Maim\u00f3nides de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de C\u00f3rdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital\/University of Cordoba, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Membrives","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Maim\u00f3nides de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de C\u00f3rdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital\/University of Cordoba, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Rodelo-Haad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Redes de Investigaci\u00f3n Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Maimonides de Investigacion Biom\u00e9dica de C\u00f3rdoba (IMIBIC), Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Clinica Nefrolog\u00eda, Reina Sofia University Hospital\/University of Cordoba, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Victoria","family":"Pend\u00f3n Ruiz de Mier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Redes de Investigaci\u00f3n Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Maimonides de Investigacion Biom\u00e9dica de C\u00f3rdoba (IMIBIC), Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Clinica Nefrolog\u00eda, Reina Sofia University Hospital\/University of Cordoba, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariano","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Redes de Investigaci\u00f3n Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Maimonides de Investigacion Biom\u00e9dica de C\u00f3rdoba (IMIBIC), Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Clinica Nefrolog\u00eda, Reina Sofia University Hospital\/University of Cordoba, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2098-8960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Canalejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Sciences\/Research Center on Natural Resources, Health and Environment (RENSMA), University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yolanda","family":"Almad\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Maim\u00f3nides de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de C\u00f3rdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital\/University of Cordoba, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9341-0724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan R.","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Casta\u00f1eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Redes de Investigaci\u00f3n Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Maimonides de Investigacion Biom\u00e9dica de C\u00f3rdoba (IMIBIC), Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Clinica Nefrolog\u00eda, Reina Sofia University Hospital\/University of Cordoba, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1177\/1753944717711379","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Management, and Modulation by Natural Compounds","volume":"11","author":"Rochlani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.09.032","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome and Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Events and Death: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies","volume":"49","author":"Gami","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.05.034","article-title":"The Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Risk a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"56","author":"Mottillo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13693","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13693","article-title":"The Role of Metabolic Syndrome in Sudden Cardiac Death Risk: Recent Evidence and Future Directions","volume":"52","author":"Tirandi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1538-7836.2003.00279.x","article-title":"Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1, Inflammation, Obesity, Insulin Resistance and Vascular Risk","volume":"1","author":"Alessi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04071206","article-title":"Obesity and Obesity-Initiated Metabolic Syndrome: Mechanistic Links to Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"2","author":"Wahba","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms12053117","article-title":"Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Obesity","volume":"12","author":"Bautista","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.02.027","article-title":"Triad of Metabolic Syndrome, Chronic Kidney Disease, and Coronary Heart Disease with a Focus on Microalbuminuria Death by Overeating","volume":"57","author":"Gobal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7092151","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7092151","article-title":"Vascular Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: Major Triggers for Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"2019","author":"Steven","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Is Oxidative Stress of Adipocytes a Cause or a Consequence of the Metabolic Syndrome?","volume":"15","author":"Maslov","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podkowi\u0144ska, A., and Formanowicz, D. (2020). Chronic Kidney Disease as Oxidative Stress- and Inflammatory-Mediated Cardiovascular Disease. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9080752"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rapa, S.F., Di Iorio, B.R., Campiglia, P., Heidland, A., and Marzocco, S. (2019). Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Chronic Kidney Disease-Potential Therapeutic Role of Minerals, Vitamins and Plant-Derived Metabolites. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010263"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpu225","article-title":"Inflammatory Cytokines and Reactive Oxygen Species as Mediators of Chronic Kidney Disease-Related Vascular Calcification","volume":"28","author":"Agharazii","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-008-1046-0","article-title":"Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease: Role in the Progression of Renal and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"24","author":"Silverstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2010.05.006","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome and Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"20","author":"Guarnieri","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.5527\/wjn.v3.i4.210","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome and Chronic Kidney Disease: Current Status and Future Directions","volume":"3","author":"Prasad","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904001","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.904001","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome-Related Kidney Injury: A Review and Update","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02180311","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome and Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"6","author":"Thomas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S81","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2005121332","article-title":"Renal Manifestations in the Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Locatelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4439(00)00018-1","article-title":"Inflammatory Response Following Acute Magnesium Deficiency in the Rat","volume":"1501","author":"Nowacki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.7603\/s40681-016-0020-6","article-title":"Magnesium Deficiency and Oxidative Stress: An Update","volume":"6","author":"Zheltova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2006.03.031","article-title":"Magnesium and the Inflammatory Response: Potential Physiopathological Implications","volume":"458","author":"Mazur","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2014.06.026","article-title":"Comparative Angioprotective Effects of Magnesium Compounds","volume":"29","author":"Kharitonova","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"347","article-title":"Magnesium and Cardiovascular Biology: An Important Link between Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Atherogenesis","volume":"41","author":"Altura","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.053132","article-title":"Circulating and Dietary Magnesium and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies","volume":"98","author":"Imamura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000775","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2018-000775","article-title":"Magnesium for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"5","author":"Dinicolantonio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Lipsky, M.S., Mendelson, M., Havas, S., and Miller, M. (2008). American Medical Association Guide to Preventing and Treating Heart Disease: Essential Information You and Your Family Need to Know about Having a Healthy Heart, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6005","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6126005","article-title":"Dietary Magnesium Intake and Metabolic Syndrome in the Adult Population: Dose-Response Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression","volume":"6","author":"Ju","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2015.09.014","article-title":"Magnesium Status and the Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"32","author":"Sarrafzadegan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2015.165","article-title":"Magnesium Modifies the Association between Serum Phosphate and the Risk of Progression to End-Stage Kidney Disease in Patients with Non-Diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"88","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1136\/jim-2018-000966","article-title":"Low Serum Magnesium Is Associated with Faster Decline in Kidney Function: The Dallas Heart Study Experience","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Investig. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.04.011","article-title":"Dietary Magnesium Supplementation Prevents and Reverses Vascular and Soft Tissue Calcifications in Uremic Rats","volume":"92","author":"Raya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.2-272.v2","article-title":"The Beauty of Being (Label)-Free: Sample Preparation Methods for SWATH-MS and next-Generation Targeted Proteomics","volume":"2","author":"Ralser","year":"2014","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"gfac220","article-title":"The Direct Effect of Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Phenotype and Function","volume":"Volume","author":"Vergara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13561","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13561","article-title":"Magnesium Supplementation Reduces Inflammation in Rats with Induced Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"51","author":"Canalejo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F20","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00014.2001","article-title":"Extracellular Glutathione Peroxidase Is Secreted Basolaterally by Human Renal Proximal Tubule Cells","volume":"283","author":"Whitin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, C., Worley, B.L., Pha\u00ebton, R., and Hempel, N. (2020). Extracellular Glutathione Peroxidase GPx3 and Its Role in Cancer. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12082197"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2004.09.013","article-title":"Circulating Malondialdehyde-Modified LDL and Atherogenic Lipoprotein Profiles Measured by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"179","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sastre, C., Rubio-Navarro, A., Buendi\u00e1, I., Go\u1e3fez-Guerrero, C., Blanco, J., Mas, S., Egido, J., Blanco-Colio, L.M., Ortiz, A., and Moreno, J.A. (2013). Hyperlipidemia-Associated Renal Damage Decreases Klotho Expression in Kidneys from ApoE Knockout Mice. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083713"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1515\/BC.2008.028","article-title":"Klotho as a Regulator of Oxidative Stress and Senescence","volume":"389","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2020.11705","article-title":"Klotho Attenuates Angiotensin II-induced Cardiotoxicity through Suppression of Necroptosis and Oxidative Stress","volume":"23","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"439","article-title":"Significant Roles of Anti-Aging Protein Klotho and Fibroblast Growth Factor23 in Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"12","author":"Ding","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2015.09.013","article-title":"Is Serum Klotho Protective against Atherosclerosis in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?","volume":"30","author":"Keles","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Its Complicat."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2009.01.001","article-title":"Circulating Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 Is Associated with Vascular Dysfunction in the Community","volume":"205","author":"Mirza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2006.08.005","article-title":"Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension: Roles of Endothelin-1 and Nitric Oxide","volume":"45","author":"Black","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vascul. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"158","article-title":"Diet Enrichment with Calcium and Magnesium Enhances the Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of Plant Sterols in Obese Zucker Rats","volume":"11","author":"Vaskonen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"104","article-title":"The Mechanistic Role of Different Mediators in the Pathophysiology of Nephropathy: A Review","volume":"24","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/s10038-020-00895-6","article-title":"Variation in the SERPINA6\/SERPINA1 Locus Alters Morning Plasma Cortisol, Hepatic Corticosteroid Binding Globulin Expression, Gene Expression in Peripheral Tissues, and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"66","author":"Crawford","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behbodikhah, J., Ahmed, S., Elyasi, A., Kasselman, L.J., De Leon, J., Glass, A.D., and Reiss, A.B. (2021). Apolipoprotein B and Cardiovascular Disease: Biomarker and Potential Therapeutic Target. Metabolites, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11100690"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1476-9","article-title":"Plasma Proteomic Analysis Reveals Altered Protein Abundances in Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"16","author":"Lygirou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-019-0244-8","article-title":"Counter-Regulatory Renin-Angiotensin System in Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"17","author":"Riquelme","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2016.17","article-title":"Structure and Functions of Angiotensinogen","volume":"39","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1159\/000045293","article-title":"Plasma Glutathione Peroxidase Activity Is Reduced in Haemodialysis Patients","volume":"81","author":"Roxborough","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfx304","article-title":"Pre-Clinical Model of Severe Glutathione Peroxidase-3 Deficiency and Chronic Kidney Disease Results in Coronary Artery Thrombosis and Depressed Left Ventricular Function","volume":"33","author":"Pang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c100053","article-title":"The Kallikrein-Kinin System as a Regulator of Cardiovascular and Renal Function","volume":"1","author":"Rhaleb","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2021.02.104","article-title":"Overexpression of Kininogen-1 Aggravates Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in DOX-Induced Cardiotoxicity","volume":"550","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2009.128397","article-title":"Cystatin C and Cardiovascular Risk","volume":"55","author":"Taglieri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12078","article-title":"Serum Cystatin-C Levels Correlate with Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients with the Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"274","author":"Balta","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1039\/D1MO00519G","article-title":"Macrophages Secrete Murinoglobulin-1 and Galectin-3 to Regulate Neutrophil Degranulation after Myocardial Infarction","volume":"18","author":"Chalise","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Omics"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, X., Jin, F., Hao, Y., Li, H., Tang, T., Wang, H., Yan, W., and Dai, K. (2013). Magnesium and the Risk of Cardiovascular Events: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057720"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8199","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7095388","article-title":"Magnesium in Prevention and Therapy","volume":"7","author":"Schmidt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0b013e3282f33ccc","article-title":"Role of Dietary Magnesium in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Insulin Sensitivity and Diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Bo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Syauqy, A., Hsu, C.Y., Lee, H.A., Rau, H.H., and Chao, J.C.J. (2020). Association between Dietary Patterns and Kidney Function Parameters in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010040"}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/12\/2\/283\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:16:59Z","timestamp":1760120219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/12\/2\/283"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox12020283"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox12020283","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]}}}