{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T17:19:23Z","timestamp":1784222363685,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 di Torino","award":["2017XP72RF_003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017XP72RF_003"]}]},{"name":"MIUR PRIN","award":["2017XP72RF_003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017XP72RF_003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the last years, research proofs have confirmed that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays an important role in various physio-pathological processes, such as oxidation, inflammation, neurophysiology, and cardiovascular protection; in particular, the protective effects of H2S in cardiovascular diseases were demonstrated. The interest in H2S-donating molecules as tools for biological and pharmacological studies has grown, together with the understanding of H2S importance. Here we performed a comparative study of a series of H2S donor molecules with different chemical scaffolds and H2S release mechanisms. The compounds were tested in human serum for their stability and ability to generate H2S. Their vasorelaxant properties were studied on rat aorta strips, and the capacity of the selected compounds to protect NO-dependent endothelium reactivity in an acute oxidative stress model was tested. H2S donors showed different H2S-releasing kinetic and produced amounts and vasodilating profiles; in particular, compound 6 was able to attenuate the dysfunction of relaxation induced by pyrogallol exposure, showing endothelial protective effects. These results may represent a useful basis for the rational development of promising H2S-releasing agents also conjugated with other pharmacophores.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T02:52:02Z","timestamp":1675219922000},"page":"344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Comparative Study of Different H2S Donors as Vasodilators and Attenuators of Superoxide-Induced Endothelial Damage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3638-5219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Marini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6138-1503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Rolando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2013-4893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Sodano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, \u201cFederico II\u201d University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0306-9543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Blua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Concina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rita Levi-Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Guglielmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7100-8593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loretta","family":"Lazzarato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9962-1218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantin","family":"Chegaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2009.2938","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide: The third gasotransmitter in biology and medicine","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0211hyp","article-title":"Two\u2019s company, three\u2019s a crowd: Can H2S be the third endogenous gaseous transmitter","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-03-01066.1996","article-title":"The possible role of hydrogen sulfide as an endogenous neuromodulator","volume":"16","author":"Abe","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2015.1","article-title":"Gasotransmitters in cancer: From pathophysiology to experimental therapy","volume":"15","author":"Szabo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2017.09.010","article-title":"A timeline of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) research: From environmental toxin to biological mediator","volume":"149","author":"Szabo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2013.07.002","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide chemical biology: Pathophysiological roles and detection","volume":"35","author":"Kolluru","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-022-00741-6","article-title":"Sulfide regulation of cardiovascular function in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Kolluru","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2011.4005","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide in the mammalian cardiovascular system","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00686","article-title":"The role of hydrogen sulfide on cardiovascular homeostasis: An overview with update on immunomodulation","volume":"8","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C3","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00282.2016","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide, an enhancer of vascular nitric oxide signaling: Mechanisms and implications","volume":"312","author":"Szabo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004093","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.112.004093","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide stimulates ischemic vascular remodeling through nitric oxide synthase and nitrite reduction activity regulating hypoxiainducible factor-1\u03b1 and vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent angiogenesis","volume":"1","author":"Bir","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.311134","article-title":"Evolution of hydrogen sulfide therapeutics to treat cardiovascular disease","volume":"123","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010510-100505","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide and cell signaling","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.300505","article-title":"Emergence of hydrogen sulfide as an endogenous gaseous signaling molecule in cardiovascular disease","volume":"114","author":"Polhemus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2015.01.010","article-title":"A Cardioprotective insight of the cystathionine-lyase\/hydrogen sulfide pathway","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IJC Heart Vasc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5501","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12900","article-title":"Emerging role of hydrogen sulfide in hypertension and related cardiovascular diseases","volume":"172","author":"Meng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2013.07.010","article-title":"Dysregulation of cystathionine-lyase (CSE)\/hydrogen sulfide pathway contributes to ox-LDL-induced inflammation in macrophage","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Signal."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2009.00645.x","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide and the vasculature: A novel vasculoprotective entity and regulator of nitric oxide bioavailability?","volume":"13","author":"Whiteman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2014.06.006","article-title":"Statins upregulate cystathionine-lyase transcription and H2S generation via activating Akt signaling in macrophage","volume":"87","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2014.07.012","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide as a potent cardiovascular protective agent","volume":"437","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2015.06.004","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide prodrugs-A review","volume":"5","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01066","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-releasing cCompounds: Therapeutic potential in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.920991","article-title":"Genetic and pharmacologic hydrogen sulfide therapy attenuates ischemia-induced heart failure in mice","volume":"122","author":"Calvert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1162667","article-title":"H2S as a Physiologic vasorelaxant: Hypertension in mice with deletion of cystathionine gamma-lyase","volume":"322","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.179333","article-title":"Role of hydrogen sulfide in the development of atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E knockout mice","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34608","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34608","article-title":"Cystathionine gamma-lyase is expressed in human atherosclerotic plaque microvessels and is involved in micro-angiogenesis","volume":"6","author":"Mencke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6008","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/20.21.6008","article-title":"The vasorelaxant effect of H(2)S as a novel endogenous gaseous K(ATP) channel opener","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2001","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2007.12.008","article-title":"Hydrogen sulphide in the hypothalamus causes an ATP-sensitive K+ channel-dependent decrease in blood pressure in freely moving rats","volume":"152","author":"Dawe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.932092","article-title":"The cardiovascular effects of central hydrogen sulfide are related to K(ATP) channels activation","volume":"60","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00017.2011","article-title":"Physiological implications of hydrogen sulfide: A whiff exploration that blossomed","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.01.068","article-title":"Targeting hydrogen sulfide as a promising tTherapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis","volume":"172","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, Y.D., Wang, H., Kho, S.H., Rinkiko, S., Sheng, X., Shen, H.M., and Zhu, Y.Z. (2013). Hydrogen sulfide protects HUVECs against hydrogen peroxide induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053147"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corvino, A., Frecentese, F., Magli, E., Perissutti, E., Santagada, V., Scognamiglio, A., Caliendo, G., Fiorino, F., and Severino, B. (2021). Trends in H2S-donors chemistry and their effects in cardiovascular diseases. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10030429"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.09.018","article-title":"Making and working with hydrogen sulfide","volume":"47","author":"Hughes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5478","DOI":"10.1021\/jm2004514","article-title":"New nitric oxide or hydrogen sulfide releasing aspirins","volume":"54","author":"Lazzarato","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.09.033","article-title":"Allanblackia floribunda Oliv.: An aphrodisiac plant with vasorelaxant properties","volume":"192","author":"Brusotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.06.020","article-title":"Apigenin protects endothelium-dependent relaxation of rat aorta against oxidative stress","volume":"616","author":"Jin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2011.12.003","article-title":"Ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry inhibitors fishing assay: A novel method for simultaneously screening of xanthine oxidase inhibitor and superoxide anion scavenger in a single analysis","volume":"715","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, C.N., and Tain, Y.L. (2021). Preventing developmental origins of cardiovascular disease: Hydrogen sulfide as a potential target?. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020247"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1021\/ja1085723","article-title":"Cysteine-activated hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donors","volume":"133","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1021\/cb400090d","article-title":"Controllable hydrogen sulfide donors and their activity against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.201300552","article-title":"New biologically active hydrogen sulfide donors","volume":"14","author":"Roger","year":"2013","journal-title":"ChemBioChem"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1021\/ml400239a","article-title":"Arylthioamides as H2S donors: L-cysteine-activated releasing properties and vascular effects in vitro and in vivo","volume":"4","author":"Martelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2017.10.068","article-title":"1,2,4-Thiadiazolidin-3,5-diones as novel hydrogen sulfide donors","volume":"143","author":"Severino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7512","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.7b00888","article-title":"Iminothioethers as hydrogen sulfide donors: From the gasotransmitter release to the vascular effects","volume":"60","author":"Barresi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2018.02.003","article-title":"Mercaptopyruvate acts as endogenous vasodilator independently of 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase activity","volume":"75","author":"Mitidieri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00066","article-title":"Anti-metastatic properties of naproxen-HBTA in a murine model of cutaneous melanoma","volume":"10","author":"Ercolano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2013.11.003","article-title":"Pharmacological characterization of the vascular effects of aryl isothiocyanates: Is hydrogen sulfide the real player?","volume":"60","author":"Martelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2020.02.017","article-title":"Structure-activity relationships study of isothiocyanates for H2S releasing properties: 3-pyridyl-isothiocyanate as a new promising cardioprotective agent","volume":"27","author":"Citi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13610","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.9b06319","article-title":"Cyclic sulfenyl thiocarbamates release carbonyl culfide and hydrogen sulfide independently in thiol-promoted pathways","volume":"141","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G532","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00281.2014","article-title":"Interaction between hydrogen sulfide-induced sulfhydration and tyrosine nitration in the KATP channel complex","volume":"308","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.209783","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide is an endogenous inhibitor of phosphodiesterase activity","volume":"30","author":"Bucci","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2008.08.006","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide decreases adenosine triphosphate levels in aortic rings and leads to vasorelaxation via metabolic inhibition","volume":"83","author":"Kiss","year":"2008","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.05.063","article-title":"Hydrogen sulphide regulates intracellular pH in vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"358","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C866","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00105.2010","article-title":"Bicarbonate-dependent effect of hydrogen sulfide on vascular contractility in rat aortic rings","volume":"299","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2012.12.005","article-title":"Vasorelaxation by hydrogen sulphide involves activation of Kv7 potassium channels","volume":"70","author":"Martelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bucci, M., Papapetropoulos, A., Vellecco, V., Zhou, Z., Zaid, A., Giannogonas, P., Cantalupo, A., Dhayade, S., Karalis, K.P., and Wang, R. (2012). cGMP-dependent protein kinase contributes to hydrogen sulfide-stimulated vasorelaxation. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053319"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01568","article-title":"Role of endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases: The link between inflammation and hydrogen sulfide","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2015.6331","article-title":"SIRT3 mediates the antioxidant effect of hydrogen sulfide in endothelial cells","volume":"24","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-1815fje","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide protects neurons from oxidative stress","volume":"18","author":"Kimura","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2008.2073","article-title":"H2S protects against methionine-induced oxidative stress in brain endothelial cells","volume":"11","author":"Tyagi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-009-0006-9","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide attenuates neuronal injury induced by vascular dementia via inhibiting apoptosis in rats","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2010.11.001","article-title":"Cardioprotective effects of hydrogen sulfide","volume":"25","author":"Veres","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.025","article-title":"Redox regulation of gasotransmission in the vascular system: A focus on angiogenesis","volume":"108","author":"Mistry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1021\/tx2005234","article-title":"Small molecule signaling agents: The integrated chemistry and biochemistry of nitrogen oxides, oxides of carbon, dioxygen, hydrogen sulfide, and their derived species","volume":"25","author":"Fukuto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.09.007","article-title":"Redox chemistry and chemical biology of H2S, hydropersulfides, and derived species: Implications of their possible biological activity and utility","volume":"77","author":"Ono","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/320454a0","article-title":"Superoxide anion is involved in the breakdown of endothelium-derived vascular relaxing factor","volume":"320","author":"Gryglewski","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0701899","article-title":"Loss of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in rabbit aorta by oxidant stress: Restoration by superoxide dismutase mimetics","volume":"124","author":"MacKenzie","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2017.09.006","article-title":"Polysulfides and products of H2S\/S-nitrosoglutathione in comparison to H2S, glutathione and antioxidant Trolox are potent scavengers of superoxide anion radical and produce hydroxyl radical by decomposition of H2O2","volume":"76","author":"Misak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7501","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.5b01033","article-title":"Design, Synthesis, and cardioprotective effects of N-mercapto-based hydrogen sulfide donors","volume":"58","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04690.x","article-title":"Glutathione in defense and signaling: Lessons from a small thiol","volume":"973","author":"Dickinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.01.028","article-title":"S-allylmercapto-N-acetylcysteine up-regulates cellular glutathione and protects vascular endothelial cells from oxidative stress","volume":"50","author":"Izigov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4881","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.6b00184","article-title":"H2S-Donating doxorubicins may overcome cardiotoxicity and multidrug resistance","volume":"59","author":"Chegaev","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17318","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.115261","article-title":"Effects of hydrogen sulfide-releasing L-DOPA derivatives on glial activation","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"405","article-title":"Proprietes diuretiques de derives des dithiole-thiones. Recherche d\u2019une relation structure-activite","volume":"15","author":"Dartigues","year":"1980","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetlet.2012.04.064","article-title":"Synthesis of bis-fused tetrathiafulvalene with mono- and dicarboxylic acids","volume":"53","author":"Terauchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/12\/2\/344\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:20:45Z","timestamp":1760120445000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/12\/2\/344"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox12020344"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox12020344","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]}}}