{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:31:29Z","timestamp":1787027489295,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"REGIONE TOSCANA, PSR 2014-2020. Misura 16.2 PS-GO 2017 UVA PRETIOSA","award":["835445"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["835445"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of a Sangiovese wine aged in barrique with the addition of an unripe grape extract (UGE) as an alternative to sulfur dioxide. Three samples were considered: control wine (TQ) with free SO2 of approximately 15 mg\/L; sample A with chitosan (100 mg\/L) and UGE (200 mg\/L); and sample B with UGE (400 mg\/L). The results achieved in this work demonstrated that the UGE, either alone or in combination with chitosan, was able to maintain the color characteristics of the Sangiovese wine and its sensory quality. Moreover, the addition of UGE contributed to an early and better stabilization of the color through the formation of polymeric pigments. The microbiological stabilization was comparable to SO2 when UGE was used at 200 mg\/L in combination with chitosan. The market survey conducted in the present study confirmed how the use of UGE as an alternative to sulfitation was positively accepted by consumers, who are increasingly attentive not only to the quality of the wines they select but also to the sustainability of the production processes from which they derive and to the fact that they are not harmful to human health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T03:04:23Z","timestamp":1675393463000},"page":"365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Replacement of SO2 with an Unripe Grape Extract and Chitosan during Oak Aging: Case Study of a Sangiovese Wine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9934-166X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Fia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental, and Forestry Sciences and Technologies (DAGRI), University of Florence, via Donizetti, 6, 50144 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5304-3536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvio","family":"Menghini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental, and Forestry Sciences and Technologies (DAGRI), University of Florence, via Donizetti, 6, 50144 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6250-8924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Mari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental, and Forestry Sciences and Technologies (DAGRI), University of Florence, via Donizetti, 6, 50144 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1793-9113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Proserpio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensory & Consumer Science Lab (SCS_Lab), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5261-9276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ella","family":"Pagliarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensory & Consumer Science Lab (SCS_Lab), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9232-2829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Granchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental, and Forestry Sciences and Technologies (DAGRI), University of Florence, via Donizetti, 6, 50144 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2008.02505.x","article-title":"Bacterial spoilage of wine and approaches to minimize it","volume":"48","author":"Bartowsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lett. 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