{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:53:30Z","timestamp":1789433610938,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["1R01ES028788"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01ES028788"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Among food additive metal oxide nanoparticles (NP), titanium dioxide (TiO\u2082) and silicon dioxide (SiO\u2082) are commonly used as food coloring or anti-caking agents, while zinc oxide (ZnO) and iron oxide (Fe\u2082O\u2083) are added as antimicrobials and coloring agents, respectively, and can be used as micronutrient supplements. To elucidate potential perturbations associated with NP consumption on gastrointestinal health and development, this in vivo study utilized the Gallus gallus (broiler chicken) intraamniotic administration to assess the effects of physiologically relevant concentrations of food-grade metal oxide NP on brush border membrane (BBM) functionality, intestinal morphology and intestinal microbial populations in vivo. Six groups with 1 mL injection of the following treatments were utilized: non-injected, 18 M\u2126 DI H2O; 1.4 \u00d7 10\u22126 mg TiO2 NP\/mL, 2.0 \u00d7 10\u22125 mg SiO2 NP\/mL, 9.7 \u00d7 10\u22126 mg ZnO NP\/mL, and 3.8 \u00d7 10\u22124 mg Fe2O3 NP\/mL (n = 10 per group). Upon hatch, blood, cecum, and duodenum were collected to assess mineral (iron and zinc) metabolism, BBM functional, and pro-inflammatory-related protein gene expression, BBM morphometric analysis, and the relative abundance of intestinal microflora. Food additive NP altered mineral transporter, BBM functionality, and pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression, affected intestinal BBM development and led to compositional shifts in intestinal bacterial populations. Our results suggest that food-grade TiO\u2082 and SiO\u2082 NP have the potential to negatively affect intestinal functionality; food-grade ZnO NP exposure effects were associated with supporting intestinal development or compensatory mechanisms due to intestinal damage, and food-grade Fe\u2082O\u2083 NP was found to be a possible option for iron fortification, though with potential alterations in intestinal functionality and health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T02:56:13Z","timestamp":1675997773000},"page":"431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Food-Grade Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Exposure Alters Intestinal Microbial Populations, Brush Border Membrane Functionality and Morphology, In Vivo (Gallus gallus)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1293-413X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacquelyn","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 411 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9193-317X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolai","family":"Kolba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 411 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alba","family":"Garc\u00eda-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2873-7074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia N. H.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7286-8920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gretchen J.","family":"Mahler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elad","family":"Tako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 411 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1504\/IJBNN.2013.054515","article-title":"Nanoparticle toxicity by the gastrointestinal route: Evidence and knowledge gaps","volume":"3","author":"Bergin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. 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