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However, few population-level studies have explored these associations and the majority comprise populations with advanced CVD. We assessed urinary isoprostane concentrations, a standard measure of oxidative stress, in a relatively young and healthy cohort, hypothesizing that higher oxidative stress is associated with an adverse cardiometabolic profile and female sex. Methods\u2014Oxidative stress was measured in 475 women and 266 men, aged 48\u201355 years, from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study using urinary 8-isoprostane (IsoP) and 2,3-dinor-8-isoprostane (IsoP-M). Multivariable-adjusted regression was used to evaluate cross-sectional associations. As secondary analysis, previously measured plasma F2-isoprostanes (plasma IsoP) from another CARDIA subset was similarly analyzed. Results\u2014Mean (SD) ages for men and women were 52.1(2.3) and 52.2(2.2) years, respectively (p = 0.46), and 39% of the participants self-identified as Black (vs. White). Before adjustments, female sex was associated with higher median urinary IsoP (880 vs. 704 ng\/g creatinine in men; p &lt; 0.01) and IsoP m (1675 vs. 1284 ng\/g creatinine in men; p &lt; 0.01). Higher body mass index (BMI), high-density cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides, current smoking, and less physical activity were associated with higher oxidative stress. Diabetes was not associated with urinary IsoP but was associated with lower IsoP m and plasma IsoP. Higher serum creatinine showed diverging associations with higher plasma and lower urinary isoprostane concentrations. Conclusions\u2014Different isoprostane entities exhibit varying association patterns with CVD risk factors, and therefore are complementary, rather than interchangeable, in assessment of oxidative stress. Still, consistently higher isoprostanes among women, smokers, less active persons, and those with higher BMI and plasma triglycerides could reflect higher oxidative stress among these groups. While urinary isoprostanes are indexed to urinary creatinine due to variations in concentration, caution should be exercised when comparing groups with differing serum creatinine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T04:32:33Z","timestamp":1677126753000},"page":"555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Amir S.","family":"Heravi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5547-5084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin D.","family":"Michos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9758-2240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique","family":"Doria De Vasconcellos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2330-2373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bharath","family":"Ambale-Venkatesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Lloyd-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pamela J.","family":"Schreiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jared P.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Shikany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2301-5796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cora E.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiadi E.","family":"Ndumele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4471-9565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliseo","family":"Guallar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4925-9059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2399-4653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ron C.","family":"Hoogeveen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joao A. C.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy S.","family":"Post","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dhananjay","family":"Vaidya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/35041687","article-title":"Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing","volume":"408","author":"Finkel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2018.05.010","article-title":"Oxidized LDL and anti-oxidized LDL antibodies in atherosclerosis\u2014Novel insights and future directions in diagnosis and therapy","volume":"29","author":"Hartley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. 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