{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:19:11Z","timestamp":1785903551617,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dietary bioactive compounds from natural sources (e.g., herbal medicines, foods) are known to potentially suppress acute or chronic inflammation and promote the effectiveness of treatment to reduce the harmful effects of gastritis alone or in combination. In this regard, we have characterized four Cameroonian spice extracts, namely Aframomum citratum, Dichrostachys glomerata, Tetrapleura tetraptera, and Xylopia parviflora through reverse phase-high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-HRMS\/MS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) analyses and investigated their antioxidant and synergistic anti-inflammatory activities in human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) and gastric epithelial (GES-1) cells. The extracts showed a high amount of total phenolic (TPC: 150\u2013290 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)\/g of extract) and flavonoid content (TFC: 35\u2013115 mg catechin equivalents (CE)\/g of extract) with antioxidant properties in a cell-free system (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50s) \u2264 45 \u00b5g\/mL; 2,2\u2032-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50s) \u2264 29 \u00b5g\/mL. The extracts in combination (MIX) exert a synergistic beneficial effect (combination index (CIs) &lt; 1 and dose reduction index (DRIs) &gt; 1) on inflammatory markers (interleukin (IL)-8 and -6 release, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB) driven transcription) in human gastric epithelial cells, which may result from the presence of phenolic compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids) or other compounds (protein, lipid, aromatic, and polysaccharide compounds) tentatively identified in the extracts. The general findings of the present study provide supporting evidence on the chemical composition of four Cameroonian dietary plants and their significant synergistic inhibitory activities on inflammatory markers of gastric epithelial cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T03:00:38Z","timestamp":1677553238000},"page":"591","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant Activities, and Phytochemical Characterization of Edible Plants Exerting Synergistic Effects in Human Gastric Epithelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1660-7125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achille Parfait Nwakiban","family":"Atchan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 96, Cameroon"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore 570-020, India"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences \u201cRodolfo Paoletti\u201d, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orissa Charl\u00e8ne","family":"Monthe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, ENSAI, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere P.O. Box 455, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armelle Deutou","family":"Tchamgoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 13033, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5650-2603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeshvanthi","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilpa Talkad","family":"Shivashankara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore 570-020, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moorthy Karthika","family":"Selvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore 570-020, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5860-9853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel Agbor","family":"Agbor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 13033, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2254-8881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Magni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences \u201cRodolfo Paoletti\u201d, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, 20099 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2470-6038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Piazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences \u201cRodolfo Paoletti\u201d, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uma Venkateswaran","family":"Manjappara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore 570-020, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jules-Roger","family":"Kuiate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 96, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5378-402X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Dell\u2019Agli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences \u201cRodolfo Paoletti\u201d, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2008.11.010","article-title":"Non-NSAID Non-H. Pylori Ulcer Disease","volume":"23","author":"Chow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. 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