{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T06:44:05Z","timestamp":1780555445259,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]],"date-time":"2023-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is estimated that 10\u201350% of interventions can generate persistent post-surgical pain. Chronic post-mastectomy pain is a condition persisting for at least three months after surgery. It has been shown that physical activity in the cancer patient allows the improvement of the pain symptom. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of physical activity on the intensity and interference of chronic pain in the quality of life of women underwent mastectomy needed for breast cancer removal. The secondary objective was to measure the effects of physical activity on inflammatory and oxidative markers in the same population. A Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) was used to assess pain intensity, and Brief Inventory Pain (BIP) was used for assessing interference of pain in quality of life. Physical activity was measured with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Inflammatory mediators such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1, c-reactive protein (CRP), and biomarkers of oxidative stress malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were evaluated in the blood of patients. All the evaluations were performed after three and six months after surgery. Results showed that adequate physical activity can diminish intensity and interference of pain and that these effects are associated with a reduction of blood biomarkers of inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T05:18:43Z","timestamp":1678079923000},"page":"643","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effects of Physical Exercise and Motor Activity on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Post-Mastectomy Pain Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Calapai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast Unit, San Vincenzo Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Messina, 98039 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Puzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast Unit, San Vincenzo Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Messina, 98039 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Bova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain Therapy Unit, San Vincenzo Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Messina, 98039 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele Alfio","family":"Vecchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast Unit, San Vincenzo Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Messina, 98039 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosario","family":"Blandino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast Unit, San Vincenzo Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Messina, 98039 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Barbagallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain Therapy Unit, San Vincenzo Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Messina, 98039 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4075-8065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Ammendolia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7286-5674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Cardia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Childhood \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"De Pasquale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Childhood \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Calapai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2663-6387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuela","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"Genetics and Pharmacogenetics Unit, A.O.U. \u201cG. Martino\u201d, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Trimarchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debora","family":"Di Mauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gioacchino","family":"Calapai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1292-6284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Mannucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.11.005","article-title":"Pathophysiology of postoperative pain","volume":"152","author":"Brennan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001413","article-title":"IASP Taskforce for the Classification of Chronic Pain. 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