{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T15:24:24Z","timestamp":1793892264024,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":233,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Depression has a multifactorial etiology comprising family history and unemployment. This review aims to summarize the evidence available for the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of carotenoids in mood disorders. This review article\u2019s methodologies were based on a search of the PubMed database for all linked published papers. Epidemiological studies indicate that a diet rich in vegetables, fruits, nuts, fish, and olive oil may prevent the development of depression. Antioxidant supplementation has been found to combat various stress-induced psychiatric disorders, including depression and anxiety. A growing body of evidence indicates that carotenoids have both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Studies also suggest that poor dietary intake, particularly low intakes of fruit and vegetables and high intakes of fast food and other convenience foods, may increase the risk of developing depression. Thus, dietary interventions have the potential to help mitigate the risk of mental health decline in both the general population and those with mood disorders. Considering that carotenoids have both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, it is expected that they might exert a promising antidepressant effect. Nevertheless, further studies (including interventional and mechanistic studies) assessing the effect of carotenoids on preventing and alleviating depression symptoms are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T03:02:08Z","timestamp":1678417328000},"page":"676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Carotenoids in Mood Disorders: An Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4887-130X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Rasmus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, 90-131 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Koz\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Experimental Immunology, MOLecoLAB: Lodz Centre of Molecular Studies on Civilisation Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bachmann, S. (2018). Epidemiology of suicide and the psychiatric perspective. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071425"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.70510","article-title":"Depression: The disorder and the burden","volume":"32","author":"Reddy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"6, e743","article-title":"Oxidative stress, anti-oxidants and the cross-sectional and longitudinal association with depressive symptoms: Results from the CARDIA study","volume":"23","author":"Black","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl338","article-title":"Depression as an aetiologic and prognostic factor in coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis of 6362 events among 146,538 participants in 54 observational studies","volume":"27","author":"Nicholson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.2","article-title":"Overweight, obesity, and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"67","author":"Luppino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0985","article-title":"Depression and type 2 diabetes over the lifespan: A meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Mezuk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/ncponc1134","article-title":"Do stress-related psychosocial factors contribute to cancer incidence and survival?","volume":"5","author":"Chida","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.3.273","article-title":"Depressive 5-3 the cardiovascular health study","volume":"63","author":"Barnes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.10.1552","article-title":"Genetic epidemiology of major depression: Review and meta-analysis","volume":"157","author":"Sullivan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707002681","article-title":"Family history of depression is associated with younger age of onset in patients with recurrent depression","volume":"38","author":"Tozzi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093613","article-title":"Sedentary behaviour and the risk of depression: A meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Zhai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.065912","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and depression: Tests of causal linkages using a longitudinal birth cohort","volume":"196","author":"Boden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02577.x","article-title":"Binge drinking and depressive symptoms: A 5-year population-based cohort study","volume":"104","author":"Paljarvi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.13005\/bpj\/1725","article-title":"Lycopene treatment transposed antidepressant-like action in rats provoked to chronic mild stress","volume":"12","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacol. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2002.01144.x","article-title":"Stress and depression: Possible links to neuron death in the hippocampus","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-014-8827-1","article-title":"Agmatine induces Nrf2 and protects against corticosterone effects in hippocampal neuronal cell line","volume":"51","author":"Freitas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2013.12.003","article-title":"Glucocorticoid actions on synapses, circuits, and behavior: Implications for the energetics of stress","volume":"35","author":"Myers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"456","article-title":"Activation of the hypothalamicpituitary- adrenal stress axis induces cellular oxidative stress","volume":"9","author":"Spiers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.07.006","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes from rats chronically treated with corticosterone: The protective effect of oxytocin treatment","volume":"256","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-010-0809-1","article-title":"Glutamate receptors, neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration","volume":"460","author":"Lau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9182-6","article-title":"Agmatine, by improving neuroplasticity markers and inducing Nrf2, prevents corticosterone-induced depressive-like behavior in mice","volume":"53","author":"Freitas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-007-0728-0","article-title":"What causes the hippocampal volume decrease in depression? Are neurogenesis, glial changes and apoptosis implicated?","volume":"257","author":"Lucassen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.5213\/inj.1632604.302","article-title":"Pathophysiological role of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders","volume":"20","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Neurourol. J."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"292","article-title":"The role of anti-inflammatory treatment in psychiatric disorders","volume":"25","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Danub."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-10-43","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and psychiatric illness","volume":"10","author":"Najjar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2016.02.006","article-title":"A meta-analysis of chemokines in major depression","volume":"68","author":"Eyre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.033","article-title":"A metaanalysis of cytokines in major depression","volume":"67","author":"Dowlati","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2005.11.006","article-title":"Cytokines sing the blues: Inflammation and the pathogenesis of depression","volume":"27","author":"Raison","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e649","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.137","article-title":"Pathophysiology of major depressive disorder: Mechanisms involved in etiology are not associated with clinical progression","volume":"5","author":"Verduijn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40530","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40530","article-title":"Circulating T lymphocyte subsets, cytokines, and immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with bipolar II or major depression: A preliminary study","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.10.009","article-title":"Elevated C-reactive protein, depression, somatic diseases, and all-cause mortality: A mendelian randomization study","volume":"76","author":"Nordestgaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt120","article-title":"Elevated C-reactive protein associated with late- and very-late-onset schizophrenia in the general population: A prospective study","volume":"40","author":"Nordestgaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"3302","article-title":"The longitudinal associations of inflammatory biomarkers and depression revisited: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression","volume":"26","author":"Ng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7128","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34502-3","article-title":"Gut microbiome-wide association study of depressive symptoms","volume":"13","author":"Radjabzadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069954","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1069954","article-title":"High-fiber diet ameliorates gut microbiota, serum metabolism and emotional mood in type 2 diabetes patients","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14631","article-title":"Gut microbiota-brain axis in depression: The role of neuroinflammation","volume":"53","author":"Carlessi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-122216-011613","article-title":"Depression\u2019s unholy trinity: Dysregulated stress, immunity, and the microbiome","volume":"71","author":"Rea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-0729-1","article-title":"Updated review of research on the gut microbiota and their relation to depression in animals and human beings","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108238","article-title":"Gut microbiota-induced changes in \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate metabolism are linked to altered sociability and depression in alcohol use disorder","volume":"33","author":"Leclercq","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108067","article-title":"The vagus nerve is necessary for the rapid and widespread neuronal activation in the brain following oral administration of psychoactive bacteria","volume":"170","author":"Bharwani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2020.09.001","article-title":"A diet-induced gut microbiota component and related plasma metabolites are associated with depressive-like behaviour in rats","volume":"43","author":"Abildgaard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01961-8","article-title":"Associations between gut microbiota and Alzheimer\u2019s disease, major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia","volume":"17","author":"Zhuang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.08.012","article-title":"Gut microbiota and major depressive disorder: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization","volume":"316","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01456-3","article-title":"A systematic review of gut microbiota composition in observational studies of major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia","volume":"27","author":"McGuinness","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2017-0072","article-title":"Gut microbiome and depression: What we know and what we need to know","volume":"29","author":"Winter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.05.009","article-title":"Nutrition and depression: Implications for improving mental health among childbearing-aged women","volume":"58","author":"Bodnar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199802000-00008","article-title":"Relationship between hunger and psychosocial functioning in lowincome American children","volume":"37","author":"Murphy","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2015.1049115","article-title":"Folate and B12 serum levels in association with depression in the aged: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Petridou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aging Ment."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867416676895","article-title":"Dietary magnesium and calcium intake and risk of depression in the general population: A meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.106666","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and depression in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"202","author":"Anglin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4317","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867323666160920110810","article-title":"The effects of vitamin B in depression","volume":"23","author":"Mikkelsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2016.11.012","article-title":"The effects of vitamin B on the immune\/cytokine network and their involvement in depression","volume":"96","author":"Mikkelsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2003.12.028","article-title":"Depressive symptoms and adolescent eating and health behaviors: A multifaceted view in a population-based sample","volume":"38","author":"Fulkerson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T.T.T., Tsujiguchi, H., Kambayashi, Y., Hara, A., Miyagi, S., Yamada, Y., Nakamura, H., Shimizu, Y., Hori, D., and Suzuki, F. (2017). Relationship between vitamin intake and depressive symptoms in elderly Japanese individuals: Differences with gender and body mass index. Nutrients, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9121319"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.10r05993","article-title":"Retinoic acid and affective disorders: The evidence for an association","volume":"73","author":"Bremner","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v5.i2.222","article-title":"Inter-relationships between isotretinoin treatment and psychiatric disorders: Depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, psychosis and suicide risks","volume":"5","author":"Ludot","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01329-X","article-title":"High-dose ascorbic acid increases intercourse frequency and improves mood: A randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"52","author":"Brody","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.12-98","article-title":"Effect of omega-3 and ascorbic acid on inflammation markers in depressed shift workers in Shahid Tondgoyan Oil Refinery, Iran: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"53","author":"Khajehnasiri","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2013.1597.1600","article-title":"Efficacy of supplementary vitamins c and e on anxiety, depression and stress in type 2 diabetic patients: A randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Mazloom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pak. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"9","article-title":"Nutrition and depressive symptoms in community-dwelling elderly persons in Japan","volume":"63","author":"Oishi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Med. Okayama"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.12.1386","article-title":"Depressive symptoms and change in abdominal obesity in older persons","volume":"65","author":"Vogelzangs","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-1591(03)00057-6","article-title":"Pathways linking depression, adiposity, and inflammatory markers in healthy young adults","volume":"17","author":"Miller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2015-206278","article-title":"Fish consumption and risk of depression: A meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2015.09.009","article-title":"Fruit and vegetable consumption and the risk of depression: A meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.009","article-title":"Exploration of the association between dietary fiber intake and depressive symptoms in adults","volume":"54","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.12.114","article-title":"Dietary magnesium intake and risk of depression","volume":"246","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6020466","article-title":"Potential role of carotenoids as antioxidants in human health and disease","volume":"6","author":"Fiedor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3945\/an.116.014167","article-title":"Metabolic effects of inflammation on vitamin A and carotenoids in humans and animal models","volume":"8","author":"Rubin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2006.01943.x","article-title":"The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with Type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Ali","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610212002062","article-title":"Comorbid cardiovascular disease and major depression among ethnic and racial groups in the United States","volume":"25","author":"Tarraf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Euesden, J., Danese, A., Lewis, C.M., and Maughan, B. (2017). A bidirectional relationship between depression and the autoimmune disorders\u2014New perspectives from the National Child Development Study. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173015"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(03)00567-1","article-title":"Depressive symptoms are independently correlated with lipid peroxidation in a female population: Comparison with vitamins and carotenoids","volume":"56","author":"Tsuboi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2797(96)03729-5","article-title":"Oxidative stress associated with exercise, psychological stress and life-style factors","volume":"102","author":"Moller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"29","article-title":"Alterations in magnesium and oxidative status during chronic emotional stress","volume":"13","author":"Cernak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Magnes. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.33","article-title":"The neuroprogressive nature of major depressive disorder: Pathways to disease evolution and resistance, and therapeutic implications","volume":"18","author":"Moylan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.829","article-title":"Major depressive disorder is accompanied with oxidative stress: Short-term antidepressant treatment does not alter oxidative-antioxidative systems","volume":"22","author":"Sarandol","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2011.597876","article-title":"The relationship between plasma carotenoids and depressive symptoms in older persons","volume":"13","author":"Milaneschi","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181907c1b","article-title":"Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: A meta-analysis","volume":"71","author":"Howren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0910658107","article-title":"Nuclear factor-kappaB is a critical mediator of stress-impaired neurogenesis and depressive behavior","volume":"107","author":"Koo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.01.018","article-title":"Nitric oxide plasma concentration associated with cognitive impairment in patients with recurrent depressive disorder","volume":"510","author":"Talarowska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.06.002","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in major depression patients suppress T-cell responses through the production of reactive oxygen species","volume":"228","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(99)00117-2","article-title":"Effects of antidepressant treatments on polymorphonuclear elastase levels in patients with depression","volume":"59","author":"Bekaroglu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/1423-0127-17-S1-S40","article-title":"Dietary taurine intake, nutrients intake, dietary habits and life stress by depression in Korean female college students: A case-control study","volume":"17","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000009","article-title":"Depression and oxidative stress: Results from a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"76","author":"Palta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512003467","article-title":"Antioxidant status and its association with elevated depressive symptoms among US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2005\u20136","volume":"109","author":"Beydoun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514001706","article-title":"Gene polymorphisms and gene scores linked to low serum carotenoid status and their associations with metabolic disturbance and depressive symptoms in African\u2013American adults","volume":"112","author":"Beydoun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2012.09.008","article-title":"Oxidative\/nitrosative stress and antidepressants: Targets for novel antidepressants","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1179\/135100003225003393","article-title":"Oxidative damage and major depression: The potential antioxidant action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors","volume":"8","author":"Khanzode","year":"2003","journal-title":"Redox Rep."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.1014","article-title":"Oxidative stress parameters after combined fluoxetine and acetylsalicylic acid therapy in depressive patients","volume":"24","author":"Galecki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2006.10.005","article-title":"Adenosine deaminase, nitric oxide, superoxide dismutase, and xanthine oxidase in patients with major depression: Impact of antidepressant treatment","volume":"38","author":"Herken","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2009.02004.x","article-title":"Total antioxidant capacity and total oxidant status in patients with major depression: Impact of antidepressant treatment","volume":"63","author":"Cumurcu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2011.03.021","article-title":"Effects of long-term antidepressant treatment on oxidative status in major depressive disorder: A 24-week follow-up study","volume":"35","author":"Kotan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25552","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.16069","article-title":"The antidepressant-like effect of trans-astaxanthin involves the serotonergic system","volume":"8","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"28551","article-title":"Antidepressant-like activity of lutein-zeaxanthin in mice: Evidence for involvement of monoaminergic and opioid systems","volume":"9","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Technol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2016.01.036","article-title":"Improvement of depressive behavior by Sweetme Sweet Pumpkin\u2122 and its active compound, \u03b2- carotene","volume":"147","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"17","article-title":"The effect of lycopene supplementation on mood status and quality of life in infertile men: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"14","author":"Nouri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"298","article-title":"Depression-like behaviors and heme oxygenase-1 are regulated by Lycopene in lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2013.06.020","article-title":"Antineuroinflammatory effects of lycopene via activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-\u03b11\/heme oxygenase-1 pathways","volume":"35","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"851","article-title":"Oxidative stress in psychiatric disorders: Evidence base and therapeutic implications","volume":"11","author":"Felicity","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3460759","article-title":"Protective effect of thioredoxin upon NO- mediated cell injury in THP1 monocytic human cells","volume":"346","author":"Ferret","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2728(99)00019-5","article-title":"Relationships between nitric oxide, nitroxyl ion, nitrosonium cation and peroxynitrite","volume":"1411","author":"Hughes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2006.07.001","article-title":"Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease","volume":"39","author":"Valko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01066","article-title":"Phagocytosis: Our current understanding of a universal biological process","volume":"11","author":"Rosales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2020.09.010","article-title":"Antioxidant vitamin intakes and risk of depression, anxiety and stress among female adolescents","volume":"40","author":"Farhadnejad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.2174\/157015911795596595","article-title":"Oxidative stress in schizophrenia","volume":"9","author":"Boskovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e318054753e","article-title":"Neuroleptic treatment effect on mitochondrial electron transport chain: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells analysis in psychotic patients","volume":"27","author":"Casademont","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-008-9865-8","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and psychiatric disorders","volume":"34","author":"Rezin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"164","article-title":"Is depression associated with increased oxidative stress? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"51C","author":"Black","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2005.061408","article-title":"Biomarkers of oxidative damage in human disease","volume":"52","author":"Rossi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e31819e7526","article-title":"Socioeconomic status, antioxidant micronutrients, and correlates of oxidative damage: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study","volume":"71","author":"Cohen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03450120058029","article-title":"Smoking, smoking cessation, and major depression","volume":"264","author":"Glassman","year":"1990","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"301","article-title":"Mental health and physical activity in the European Union","volume":"49","author":"Rutten","year":"2004","journal-title":"Soz. Praventivmed."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.01.007","article-title":"The prevalence and impact of alcohol problems in major depression: A systematic review","volume":"118","author":"Sullivan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/63.4.559","article-title":"Destruction of tocopherols, carotenoids, and retinol in human plasma by cigarette smoke","volume":"63","author":"Handelman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(02)00386-4","article-title":"The influence of cigarette smoking on circulating concentrations of antioxidant micronutrients","volume":"180","author":"Alberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2009.06.006","article-title":"Antioxidative enzymes and increased oxidative stress in depressive women","volume":"42","author":"Zeman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"15","article-title":"Increased 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine, a marker of oxidative damage to DNA, in major depression and myalgic encephalomyelitis \/ chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Maes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuro. Endocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-019-0225-7","article-title":"Dietary total antioxidant capacity is inversely associated with depression, anxiety and some oxidative stress biomarkers in postmenopausal women: A cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"Abshirini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Gen. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2020.03.002","article-title":"Dietary total antioxidant capacity and its association with sleep, stress, anxiety, and depression score: A cross-sectional study among diabetic women","volume":"37","author":"Daneshzad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2012.08.026","article-title":"Fruit, vegetable, and antioxidant intakes are lower in older adults with depression","volume":"112","author":"Payne","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602072","article-title":"Low plasma vitamin E levels in major depression: Diet or disease?","volume":"59","author":"Owen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.02.002","article-title":"a-Tocopherol administration produces an antidepressant-like effect in predictive animal models of depression","volume":"209","author":"Lobato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"CD007176","article-title":"Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases","volume":"3","author":"Bjelakovic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"CD004183","article-title":"Antioxidant supplements for preventing gastrointestinal cancers","volume":"3","author":"Bjelakovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"CD002141","article-title":"Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people","volume":"10","author":"Rueda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn409","article-title":"Long-term use of betacarotene, retinol, lycopene, and lutein supplements and lung cancer risk: Results from the VITamins and Lifestyle (VITAL) study","volume":"169","author":"Satia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2007.01.012","article-title":"Carotenoids and human health","volume":"55","author":"Rao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2013.09.054","article-title":"Health protective effects of carotenoids and their interactions with other biological antioxidants","volume":"70","author":"Jomova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.01.140","article-title":"Elaboration of microparticles of carotenoids from natural and syn- thetic sources for applications in food","volume":"202","author":"Rutz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2003.12.006","article-title":"The role of carotenoids in the prevention of human pathologies","volume":"58","author":"Tapiero","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2004.12.006","article-title":"Bioactivity and protective effects of natural carotenoids","volume":"1740","author":"Stahl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2015.07.047","article-title":"Carotenoids from fruits and vegetables: Chemistry, analysis, occurrence, bioavailability and biological activities","volume":"76","author":"Saini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Res Int."},{"key":"ref_133","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022, January 26). \u201cPubChem Compound Summary for CID 5281235, Beta-Cryptoxanthin\u201d PubChem, Available online: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/beta-Cryptoxanthin."},{"key":"ref_134","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022, January 26). \u201cPubChem Compound Summary for CID 5281243, Lutein\u201d PubChem, Available online: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Lutein."},{"key":"ref_135","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022, January 26). \u201cPubChem Compound Summary for CID 5280899, Zeaxanthin\u201d PubChem, Available online: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Zeaxanthin."},{"key":"ref_136","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022, January 26). \u201cPubChem Compound Summary for CID 5280489, Beta-Carotene\u201d PubChem, Available online: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/beta-Carotene."},{"key":"ref_137","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022, January 26). \u201cPubChem Compound Summary for CID 6419725, Alpha-Carotene\u201d PubChem, Available online: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/alpha-Carotene."},{"key":"ref_138","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022, January 26). \u201cPubChem Compound Summary for CID 446925, Lycopene\u201d PubChem, Available online: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Lycopene."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s11094-014-0992-z","article-title":"Molecular-biological problems of drug design and mechanism of drug action","volume":"47","author":"Pechinskii","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmaceut. Chem. J."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26762","DOI":"10.3402\/fnr.v59.26762","article-title":"Carotenoids: Potential allies of cardiovascular health?","volume":"59","author":"Gammone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020222701013","article-title":"Overview of mechanisms of action of lycopene","volume":"227","author":"Heber","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2014.02.006","article-title":"\u03b2-Carotene inhibits neuroblastoma cell invasion and metastasis in vitro and in vivo by decreasing level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13607","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13607","article-title":"Associations between antioxidant vitamins and the risk of invasive cervical cancer in chinese women: A case\u2013control study","volume":"5","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2012.658949","article-title":"Serum betacarotene in relation to risk of prostate cancer: The kuopio ischaemic heart disease risk factor study","volume":"64","author":"Karppi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J.S., Chyun, J.H., Kim, Y.K., Line, L.L., and Chew, B.P. (2010). Astaxanthin decreased oxidative stress and inflammation and enhanced immune response in humans. Nutr. Metab., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-7-18"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2014.06.035","article-title":"Study of curcumin immunomodulatory effects on reactive astrocyte cell function","volume":"22","author":"Seyedzadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2004.03.007","article-title":"Carotenoid radical chemistry and antioxidant\/pro-oxidant properties","volume":"430","author":"Lowe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2014.07.010","article-title":"Carotenoids, inflammation, and oxidative stress\u2014Implications of cellular signaling pathways and relation to chronic disease prevention","volume":"34","author":"Kaulmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-016-0857-x","article-title":"Molecular anti-inflammatory mechanisms of retinoids and carotenoids in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A review of current evidence","volume":"61","author":"Honarvar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorrenti, V., Davinelli, S., Scapagnini, G., Willcox, B.J., Allsopp, R.C., and Willcox, D.C. (2020). Astaxanthin as a putative geroprotector: Molecular basis and focus on brain aging. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18070351"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1999.1437","article-title":"Lutein and zeaxanthin as protectors of lipid membranes against oxidative damage: The structural aspects","volume":"371","author":"Sujak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_152","unstructured":"Norman, I.K., Susan, T.M., and Helmut, S. (2004). Carotenoids in Health and Disease, CRC Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.5520150209","article-title":"Effects of carotenoids and retinoids on gap junctional communication","volume":"15","author":"Stahl","year":"2001","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/62.3.308","article-title":"Plasma carotenoid levels and cognitive performance in an elderly population: Results of the EVA study","volume":"62","author":"Akbaraly","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2018.1533199","article-title":"Dietary carotenoids and cognitive function among US adults, NHANES 2011\u20132014","volume":"23","author":"Christensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1179\/1351000214Y.0000000085","article-title":"Total antioxidant capacity of diet and serum, dietary antioxidant vitamins intake, and serum hs-CRP levels in relation to depression scales in university male students","volume":"19","author":"Prohan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Redox Rep."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.102424","article-title":"Role of antioxidants in generalised anxiety disorder and depression","volume":"54","author":"Gautam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-161216","article-title":"Dietary lycopene supplementation improves cognitive performances in Tau transgenic mice expressing P301L mutation via inhibiting oxidative stress and Tau hyperphosphorylation","volume":"57","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.10.048","article-title":"Protective effects of lycopene against amyloid \u03b2-induced neurotoxicity in cultured rat cortical neurons","volume":"21","author":"Qu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2010.07.005","article-title":"Lycopene prevents 3-nitropropionic acid-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunctions in nervous system","volume":"57","author":"Sandhir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"599","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of lycopene against MPTP induced experimental Parkinson\u2019s disease in mice","volume":"10","author":"Prema","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.4534","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of lycopene pretreatment on transient global cerebral ischemia reperfusion in rats: The role of the Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling pathway","volume":"13","author":"Lei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-012-0952-5","article-title":"Lycopene inhibits ischemia\/reperfusion-induced neuronal apoptosis in gerbil hippocampal tissue","volume":"38","author":"Fujita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31826e26a6","article-title":"Serum lycopene decreases the risk of stroke in men: A population-based follow-up study","volume":"9","author":"Karppi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2008.01.011","article-title":"Lutein and zeaxanthin in eye and skin health","volume":"27","author":"Roberts","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1179\/1476830512Y.0000000024","article-title":"Macular lutein and zeaxanthin are related to brain lutein and zeaxanthin in primates","volume":"16","author":"Vishwanathan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demmig-Adams, B., L\u00f3pez-Pozo, M., Stewart, J.J., and Adams, W.W. (2020). Zeaxanthin and Lutein: Photoprotectors, anti-inflammatories, and brain food. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25163607"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073307","article-title":"Biologic mechanisms of the protective role of lutein and zeaxanthin in the eye","volume":"23","author":"Krinsky","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3442","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.25.1_supplement.344.2","article-title":"Serum carotenoids as a biomarker for carotenoid concentrations in the brain","volume":"25","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951786","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/951786","article-title":"Relationship between serum and brain carotenoids, -tocopherol, and retinol concentrations and cognitive performance in the oldest old from the Georgia Centenarian Study","volume":"2013","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Aging Res."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gly125","article-title":"Serum carotenoids, tocopherols, total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and n-6\/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio reflect brain concentrations in a cohort of centenarians","volume":"74","author":"Tanprasertsuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.01.021","article-title":"Lutein supplementation reduces plasma lipid peroxidation and C-reactive protein in healthy nonsmokers","volume":"227","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2922","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.24.2922","article-title":"Oxygenated carotenoid lutein and progression of early atherosclerosis: The Los Angeles atherosclerosis study","volume":"103","author":"Dwyer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06107.x","article-title":"Inhibitory mechanism of lycopene on cytokine expression in experimental pancreatitis","volume":"1229","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. NY Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.02.001","article-title":"Mitochondria, oxidants, and aging","volume":"120","author":"Balaban","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20624","article-title":"Mitochondria take center stage in aging and neurodegeneration","volume":"58","author":"Beal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-100498","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species: Stuck in the middle of neurodegeneration","volume":"20","author":"Patten","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.11.021","article-title":"Structural brain abnormalities in major depressive disorder: A selective review of recent MRI studies","volume":"117","author":"Lorenzetti","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.11.1957","article-title":"Hippocampal volume and depression: A meta-analysis of MRI studies","volume":"161","author":"Videbech","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.3109\/15622971003611319","article-title":"Serum and plasma BDNF levels in major depression: A replication study and meta-analyses","volume":"11","author":"Bagnardi","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2010.98","article-title":"Serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in major depressive disorder: State-trait issues, clinical features and pharmacological treatment","volume":"16","author":"Molendijk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-017-0179-x","article-title":"Zeaxanthin improved diabetes-induced anxiety and depression through inhibiting inflammation in hippocampus","volume":"33","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S.J., Jaiswal, V., and Lee, H.J. (2021). Dietary intake of flavonoids and carotenoids is associated with anti-depressive symptoms: Epidemiological study and in silico-mechanism analysis. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11010053"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000195780.37277.2a","article-title":"Increased serum levels of 8-hydroxy-2\u2019-deoxyguanosine in clinical depression","volume":"68","author":"Forlenza","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.06.003","article-title":"Associations of alpha-carotenoid and beta-carotenoid with depressive symptoms in late midlife women","volume":"256","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_186","first-page":"64","article-title":"Associations between dietary carotenoid intakes and the risk of depressive symptoms","volume":"28","author":"Ge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Widomska, J., Zareba, M., and Subczynski, W.K. (2016). Can xanthophyll-membrane interactions explain their selective presence in the retina and brain?. Foods, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods5010007"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000129","article-title":"Dietary antioxidant intake and its association with cognitive function in an ethnically diverse sample of US adults","volume":"77","author":"Beydoun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2015.11.017","article-title":"Inflammation mediates the association between fatty acid intake and depression in older men and women","volume":"36","author":"Lai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.2165\/11633190-000000000-00000","article-title":"Antioxidants as antidepressants: Fact or fiction?","volume":"26","author":"Scapagnini","year":"2012","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.03.010","article-title":"Depression and oxidative damage to lipids","volume":"35","author":"Yager","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-1425(00)00375-9","article-title":"Carotenoid incorporation into microsomes: Yields, stability and membrane dynamics. Spectrochim","volume":"56","author":"Socaciu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(00)00327-0","article-title":"Nutrition and depression: Focus on folate","volume":"16","author":"Alpert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2010.113","article-title":"Depressive symptoms and inflammation increase in a prospective study of older adults: A protective effect of a healthy (Mediterranean- style) diet","volume":"16","author":"Milaneschi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-39126-7_14","article-title":"Carotenoids as a source of antioxidants in the diet","volume":"79","author":"Xavier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Subcell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4798","DOI":"10.1021\/bi9004478","article-title":"Purification and partial characterization of a lutein-binding protein from human retina","volume":"48","author":"Bhosale","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.05.024","article-title":"Dietary folate and vitamins B12, B6, and B2 intake and the risk of postpartum depression in Japan: The Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study","volume":"96","author":"Miyake","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(99)00121-4","article-title":"Lower serum vitamin E concentrations in major depression. Another marker of lowered antioxidant defenses in that illness","volume":"58","author":"Maes","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.04.040","article-title":"A tomato-rich diet is related to depressive symptoms among an elderly population aged 70 years and over: A population-based, cross-sectional analysis","volume":"144","author":"Niu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2005.04.016","article-title":"Effects of lycopene against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats","volume":"212","author":"Atessahin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.9.261","article-title":"Relationship of serum cholesterols and vitamin E to depressive status in the elderly","volume":"9","author":"Shibata","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.118307","article-title":"Late-life depression and risk of vascular dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based cohort studies","volume":"202","author":"Diniz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.04.002","article-title":"Depression in neurodegenerative diseases: Common mechanisms and current treatment options","volume":"102","author":"Galts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.04.060","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines in depression: Neurobiological mechanisms and therapeutic implications","volume":"246","author":"Felger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5373562","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5373562","article-title":"Carotenoids inhibit fructose-induced inflammatory response in human endothelial cells and monocytes","volume":"2020","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakamura, M., and Sugiura, M. (2022). Serum lutein and zeaxanthin are inversely associated with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in non-smokers: The Mikkabi Study. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020259"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170758","article-title":"Plasma antioxidant status in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and cognitively intact elderly: A meta-analysis of case-control studies","volume":"62","author":"Mullan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2150","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200289","article-title":"Association of serum antioxidant vitamins and carotenoids with incident Alzheimer disease and all-cause dementia among US adults","volume":"98","author":"Beydoun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210013","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.210013","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of astaxanthin and superoxide dismutase in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Balendra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eroglu, A., Al\u2019Abri, I.S., Kopec, R.E., Crook, N., and Bohn, T. (2022). Carotenoids and their health benefits as derived via their interactions with gut microbiota. Adv. Nutr., online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2022.10.007"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8444","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO01483D","article-title":"Phytochemicals as modifiers of gut microbial communities","volume":"11","author":"Dingeo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.12154","article-title":"Effects of astaxanthin-enriched yeast on mucosal IgA induction in the jejunum and ileum of weanling mice","volume":"85","author":"Nagayama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112610","article-title":"Therapeutic promise of carotenoids as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"146","author":"Kabir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1179\/1351000215Y.0000000041","article-title":"The effects of lycopene on intestinal injury due to methotrexate in rats","volume":"21","author":"Yucel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Redox Rep."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1080\/10409238.2019.1611734","article-title":"Vitamin A and vitamin D regulate the microbial complexity, barrier function, and the mucosal immune responses to ensure intestinal homeostasis","volume":"54","author":"Cantorna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.06.029","article-title":"Associations between micronutrient intakes and gut microbiota in a group of adults with cystic fibrosis","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.15586","article-title":"Dietary and plasma carotenoids are positively associated with alpha diversity in the fecal microbiota of pregnant women","volume":"86","author":"Schmidt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4625279","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4625279","article-title":"Prebiotic effect of lycopene and dark chocolate on gut microbiome with systemic changes in liver metabolism, skeletal muscles and skin in moderately obese persons","volume":"2019","author":"Wiese","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2022.10.030","article-title":"Study on the interaction between \u03b2-carotene and gut microflora using an in vitro fermentation model","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01647","article-title":"Tucum\u00e3 oil shifted ruminal fermentation, reducing methane production and altering the microbiome but decreased substrate digestibility within a RUSITEC fed a mixed hay\u2013concentrate diet","volume":"26","author":"Ramos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2021.104445","article-title":"Effect of a carotenoid-producing Bacillus strain on intestinal barrier integrity and systemic delivery of carotenoids: A randomised trial in animals and humans","volume":"80","author":"Stevens","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117850","article-title":"Fucoxanthin: A promising compound for human inflammation-related diseases","volume":"255","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5644","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO01018A","article-title":"Fucoxanthin modulates cecal and fecal microbiota differently based on diet","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ottman, N., Reunanen, J., Meijerink, M., Pietil\u00e4, T.E., Kainulainen, V., Klievink, J., Huuskonen, L., Aalvink, S., Skurnik, M., and Boeren, S. (2017). Pili-like proteins of Akkermansia muciniphila modulate host immune responses and gut barrier function. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173004"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Q., Xue, F., Li, Z., Li, X., Ai, L., Jin, M., Xie, M., and Yu, Y. (2022). Dietary intake of carotenoids and risk of depressive symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11112205"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-320130","article-title":"Prevalence and associated physical symptoms of depressive and anxiety symptoms in neurology outpatient clinic","volume":"90","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2020.113026","article-title":"Lycopene ameliorates PTSD-like behaviors in mice and rebalances the neuroinflammatory response and oxidative stress in the brain","volume":"224","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.12.151","article-title":"A review for the pharmacological effect of lycopene in central nervous system disorders","volume":"111","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2018.08.021","article-title":"Crocin, a natural product attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced anxiety and depressive-like behaviors through suppressing NF-kB and NLRP3 signaling pathway","volume":"142","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buniowska, M., Arrigoni, E., Znamirowska, A., Blesa, J., Fr\u00edgola, A., and Esteve, M.J. (2019). Liberation and micellarization of carotenoids from different smoothies after thermal and ultrasound treatments. Foods, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8100492"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.03.027","article-title":"Changes in carotenoids during processing and storage of pumpkin puree","volume":"128","author":"Provesi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2014.05.005","article-title":"Carotenoid bioaccessibility in fruit- and vegetable-based food products as affected by product (micro)structural characteristics and the presence of lipids: A review","volume":"38","author":"Lemmens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_233","first-page":"e14303","article-title":"Investigations on thermostability of carotenoids from tomato peels in oils using a kinetic approach","volume":"44","author":"Gheonea","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Preserv."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/12\/3\/676\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:51:49Z","timestamp":1760122309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/12\/3\/676"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"references-count":233,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox12030676"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox12030676","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]}}}