{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:48:06Z","timestamp":1790833686015,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spain)","award":["PI18\/01652"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/01652"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spain)","award":["PI19\/00883"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI19\/00883"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spain)","award":["PI21\/01248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/01248"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spain)","award":["PI18-RT-3364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18-RT-3364"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spain)","award":["UMA18-FEDERJA-194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMA18-FEDERJA-194"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spain)","award":["DOC_01610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOC_01610"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spain)","award":["FI19\/00189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FI19\/00189"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spain)","award":["CP22\/00050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP22\/00050"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spain)","award":["CP18\/00042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP18\/00042"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spain)","award":["C-0028-2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C-0028-2018"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spain)","award":["RC-0005-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC-0005-2020"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Econom\u00eda, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad (Junta de Andaluc\u00eda, Spain)","award":["PI18\/01652"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/01652"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Econom\u00eda, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad (Junta de Andaluc\u00eda, Spain)","award":["PI19\/00883"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI19\/00883"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Econom\u00eda, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad (Junta de Andaluc\u00eda, Spain)","award":["PI21\/01248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/01248"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Econom\u00eda, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad (Junta de Andaluc\u00eda, Spain)","award":["PI18-RT-3364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18-RT-3364"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Econom\u00eda, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad (Junta de Andaluc\u00eda, Spain)","award":["UMA18-FEDERJA-194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMA18-FEDERJA-194"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Econom\u00eda, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad (Junta de Andaluc\u00eda, Spain)","award":["DOC_01610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOC_01610"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Econom\u00eda, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad (Junta de Andaluc\u00eda, Spain)","award":["FI19\/00189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FI19\/00189"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Econom\u00eda, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad (Junta de Andaluc\u00eda, Spain)","award":["CP22\/00050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP22\/00050"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Econom\u00eda, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad (Junta de Andaluc\u00eda, Spain)","award":["CP18\/00042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP18\/00042"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Econom\u00eda, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad (Junta de Andaluc\u00eda, Spain)","award":["C-0028-2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C-0028-2018"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Econom\u00eda, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad (Junta de Andaluc\u00eda, Spain)","award":["RC-0005-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC-0005-2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER funds (\u201cA way to make Europe\u201d) (\u201cAndaluc\u00eda se mueve con Europa\u201d)","award":["PI18\/01652"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/01652"]}]},{"name":"FEDER funds (\u201cA way to make Europe\u201d) (\u201cAndaluc\u00eda se mueve con Europa\u201d)","award":["PI19\/00883"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI19\/00883"]}]},{"name":"FEDER funds (\u201cA way to make Europe\u201d) (\u201cAndaluc\u00eda se mueve con Europa\u201d)","award":["PI21\/01248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/01248"]}]},{"name":"FEDER funds (\u201cA way to make Europe\u201d) (\u201cAndaluc\u00eda se mueve con Europa\u201d)","award":["PI18-RT-3364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18-RT-3364"]}]},{"name":"FEDER funds (\u201cA way to make Europe\u201d) (\u201cAndaluc\u00eda se mueve con Europa\u201d)","award":["UMA18-FEDERJA-194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMA18-FEDERJA-194"]}]},{"name":"FEDER funds (\u201cA way to make Europe\u201d) (\u201cAndaluc\u00eda se mueve con Europa\u201d)","award":["DOC_01610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOC_01610"]}]},{"name":"FEDER funds (\u201cA way to make Europe\u201d) (\u201cAndaluc\u00eda se mueve con Europa\u201d)","award":["FI19\/00189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FI19\/00189"]}]},{"name":"FEDER funds (\u201cA way to make Europe\u201d) (\u201cAndaluc\u00eda se mueve con Europa\u201d)","award":["CP22\/00050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP22\/00050"]}]},{"name":"FEDER funds (\u201cA way to make Europe\u201d) (\u201cAndaluc\u00eda se mueve con Europa\u201d)","award":["CP18\/00042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP18\/00042"]}]},{"name":"FEDER funds (\u201cA way to make Europe\u201d) (\u201cAndaluc\u00eda se mueve con Europa\u201d)","award":["C-0028-2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C-0028-2018"]}]},{"name":"FEDER funds (\u201cA way to make Europe\u201d) (\u201cAndaluc\u00eda se mueve con Europa\u201d)","award":["RC-0005-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC-0005-2020"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Transformaci\u00f3n Econ\u00f3mica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades de Junta de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["PI18\/01652"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/01652"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Transformaci\u00f3n Econ\u00f3mica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades de Junta de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["PI19\/00883"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI19\/00883"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Transformaci\u00f3n Econ\u00f3mica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades de Junta de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["PI21\/01248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/01248"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Transformaci\u00f3n Econ\u00f3mica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades de Junta de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["PI18-RT-3364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18-RT-3364"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Transformaci\u00f3n Econ\u00f3mica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades de Junta de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["UMA18-FEDERJA-194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMA18-FEDERJA-194"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Transformaci\u00f3n Econ\u00f3mica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades de Junta de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["DOC_01610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOC_01610"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Transformaci\u00f3n Econ\u00f3mica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades de Junta de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["FI19\/00189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FI19\/00189"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Transformaci\u00f3n Econ\u00f3mica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades de Junta de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["CP22\/00050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP22\/00050"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Transformaci\u00f3n Econ\u00f3mica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades de Junta de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["CP18\/00042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP18\/00042"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Transformaci\u00f3n Econ\u00f3mica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades de Junta de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["C-0028-2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C-0028-2018"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Transformaci\u00f3n Econ\u00f3mica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades de Junta de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["RC-0005-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC-0005-2020"]}]},{"name":"ISCIII (Spain)","award":["PI18\/01652"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/01652"]}]},{"name":"ISCIII (Spain)","award":["PI19\/00883"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI19\/00883"]}]},{"name":"ISCIII (Spain)","award":["PI21\/01248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/01248"]}]},{"name":"ISCIII (Spain)","award":["PI18-RT-3364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18-RT-3364"]}]},{"name":"ISCIII (Spain)","award":["UMA18-FEDERJA-194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMA18-FEDERJA-194"]}]},{"name":"ISCIII (Spain)","award":["DOC_01610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOC_01610"]}]},{"name":"ISCIII (Spain)","award":["FI19\/00189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FI19\/00189"]}]},{"name":"ISCIII (Spain)","award":["CP22\/00050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP22\/00050"]}]},{"name":"ISCIII (Spain)","award":["CP18\/00042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP18\/00042"]}]},{"name":"ISCIII (Spain)","award":["C-0028-2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C-0028-2018"]}]},{"name":"ISCIII (Spain)","award":["RC-0005-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC-0005-2020"]}]},{"name":"Nicolas Monardes program from the Consejer\u00eda de Salud de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["PI18\/01652"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/01652"]}]},{"name":"Nicolas Monardes program from the Consejer\u00eda de Salud de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["PI19\/00883"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI19\/00883"]}]},{"name":"Nicolas Monardes program from the Consejer\u00eda de Salud de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["PI21\/01248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/01248"]}]},{"name":"Nicolas Monardes program from the Consejer\u00eda de Salud de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["PI18-RT-3364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18-RT-3364"]}]},{"name":"Nicolas Monardes program from the Consejer\u00eda de Salud de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["UMA18-FEDERJA-194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMA18-FEDERJA-194"]}]},{"name":"Nicolas Monardes program from the Consejer\u00eda de Salud de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["DOC_01610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOC_01610"]}]},{"name":"Nicolas Monardes program from the Consejer\u00eda de Salud de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["FI19\/00189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FI19\/00189"]}]},{"name":"Nicolas Monardes program from the Consejer\u00eda de Salud de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["CP22\/00050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP22\/00050"]}]},{"name":"Nicolas Monardes program from the Consejer\u00eda de Salud de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["CP18\/00042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP18\/00042"]}]},{"name":"Nicolas Monardes program from the Consejer\u00eda de Salud de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["C-0028-2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C-0028-2018"]}]},{"name":"Nicolas Monardes program from the Consejer\u00eda de Salud de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["RC-0005-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC-0005-2020"]}]},{"name":"Nicolas Monardes program from the Consejer\u00eda de Salud de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["PI18\/01652"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/01652"]}]},{"name":"Nicolas Monardes program from the Consejer\u00eda de Salud de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["PI19\/00883"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI19\/00883"]}]},{"name":"Nicolas Monardes program from the Consejer\u00eda de Salud de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["PI21\/01248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/01248"]}]},{"name":"Nicolas Monardes program from the Consejer\u00eda de Salud de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["PI18-RT-3364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18-RT-3364"]}]},{"name":"Nicolas Monardes program from the Consejer\u00eda de Salud de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["UMA18-FEDERJA-194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMA18-FEDERJA-194"]}]},{"name":"Nicolas Monardes program from the Consejer\u00eda de Salud de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["DOC_01610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOC_01610"]}]},{"name":"Nicolas Monardes program from the Consejer\u00eda de Salud de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["FI19\/00189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FI19\/00189"]}]},{"name":"Nicolas Monardes program from the Consejer\u00eda de Salud de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["CP22\/00050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP22\/00050"]}]},{"name":"Nicolas Monardes program from the Consejer\u00eda de Salud de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["CP18\/00042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP18\/00042"]}]},{"name":"Nicolas Monardes program from the Consejer\u00eda de Salud de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["C-0028-2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C-0028-2018"]}]},{"name":"Nicolas Monardes program from the Consejer\u00eda de Salud de Andaluc\u00eda (Spain)","award":["RC-0005-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC-0005-2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) appears to be associated with different liver diseases. C. difficile secretes membrane vesicles (MVs), which may be involved in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NALFD) and drug-induced liver injury (DILI). In this study, we investigated the presence of C. difficile-derived MVs in patients with and without CDI, and analyzed their effects on pathways related to NAFLD and DILI in HepG2 cells. Fecal extracellular vesicles from CDI patients showed an increase of Clostridioides MVs. C. difficile-derived MVs that were internalized by HepG2 cells. Toxigenic C. difficile-derived MVs decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased intracellular ROS compared to non-toxigenic C. difficile-derived MVs. In addition, toxigenic C. difficile-derived MVs upregulated the expression of genes related to mitochondrial fission (FIS1 and DRP1), antioxidant status (GPX1), apoptosis (CASP3), glycolysis (HK2, PDK1, LDHA and PKM2) and \u03b2-oxidation (CPT1A), as well as anti- and pro-inflammatory genes (IL-6 and IL-10). However, non-toxigenic C. difficile-derived MVs did not produce changes in the expression of these genes, except for CPT1A, which was also increased. In conclusion, the metabolic and mitochondrial changes produced by MVs obtained from toxigenic C. difficile present in CDI feces are common pathophysiological features observed in the NAFLD spectrum and DILI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12040818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T02:58:21Z","timestamp":1679972301000},"page":"818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Membrane Vesicles of Toxigenic Clostridioides difficile Affect the Metabolism of Liver HepG2 Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8269-9158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estefan\u00eda","family":"Caballano-Infantes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regeneration and Cell Therapy Andalusian, Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Junta de Andaluc\u00eda, 41092 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ailec","family":"Ho-Pl\u00e1garo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2699-451X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"L\u00f3pez-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3633-8367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flores","family":"Mart\u00edn-Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisca","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Taminiau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Department of Food Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9282-8408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georges","family":"Daube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Department of Food Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lourdes","family":"Garrido-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"UGC de Endocrinolog\u00eda y Nutrici\u00f3n, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Alca\u00edn-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1565-0757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal J.","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miren","family":"Garc\u00eda-Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9586-4896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Isabel","family":"Lucena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Servicio de Farmacolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Departamento de Farmacolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"UICEC IBIMA, Plataforma SCReN (Spanish Clinical Research Network), Servicio de Farmacolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3491-2724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Garc\u00eda-Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00005.2020","article-title":"Gut Microbiota in Liver Disease: What Do We Know and What Do We Not Know?","volume":"35","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, M., Luo, K., Li, J., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Yuan, Z., Xu, Q., and Wu, X. (2022). Role of Intestinal Microbes in Chronic Liver Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012661"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106348","article-title":"Microbiota diversity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and in drug-induced liver injury","volume":"182","author":"Taminiau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, H., Min, B.H., Ganesan, R., Gebru, Y.A., Sharma, S.P., Park, E., Won, S.M., Jeong, J.J., Lee, S.B., and Cha, M.G. (2022). Gut microbiome in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: From mechanisms to therapeutic role. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10030550"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12140","article-title":"Gut microbiota and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: New insights","volume":"19","author":"Gaborit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2016.05.018","article-title":"Clostridium difficile infection: Early history, diagnosis and molecular strain typing methods","volume":"97","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1159\/000443355","article-title":"Clostridium difficile Infection: A Model for Disruption of the Gut Microbiota Equilibrium","volume":"34","author":"Blanchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.03.006","article-title":"Clostridium difficile-derived membrane vesicles induce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes and cytotoxicity in colonic epithelial cells in vitro","volume":"107","author":"Nicholas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00432","article-title":"Bacterial Membrane Vesicles as Mediators of Microbe\u2014Microbe and Microbe\u2014Host Community Interactions","volume":"11","author":"Caruana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koeppen, K., Hampton, T.H., Jarek, M., Scharfe, M., Gerber, S.A., Mielcarz, D.W., Demers, E.G., Dolber, E.L., Hammond, J.H., and Hogan, D.A. (2016). A Novel Mechanism of host-pathogen interaction through sRNA in bacterial outer membrane vesicles. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005672"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Garrido, N., Bonnin, S., Riera, M., G\u00edm\u00e9nez, R., Badia, J., and Baldom\u00e0, L. (2020). Transcriptomic microRNA Profiling of Dendritic Cells in Response to Gut Microbiota-Secreted Vesicles. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9061534"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15125","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72242-w","article-title":"Metagenome analysis using serum extracellular vesicles identified distinct microbiota in asthmatics","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-D\u00edaz, C., Mart\u00edn-Reyes, F., Taminiau, B., Ho-Pl\u00e1garo, A., Camargo, R., Fernandez-Garcia, F., Pinazo-Bandera, J., Toro-Ortiz, J.P., Gonzalo, M., and L\u00f3pez-G\u00f3mez, C. (2023). The Metagenomic Composition and Effects of Fecal-Microbe-Derived Extracellular Vesicles on Intestinal Permeability Depend on the Patient\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054971"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370217723166","article-title":"Tiny RNAs and their voyage via extracellular vesicles: Secretion of bacterial small RNA and eukaryotic microRNA","volume":"242","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2018.03.001","article-title":"Binary Clostridium difficile toxin (CDT)\u2014A virulence factor disturbing the cytoskeleton","volume":"53","author":"Aktories","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2014.02.006","article-title":"Membrane vesicles of Clostridium perfringens type A strains induce innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"304","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e108174","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2021108174","article-title":"The extracellular vesicle generation paradox: A bacterial point of view","volume":"40","author":"McMillan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Embo J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-03640-9","article-title":"The effect of extracellular vesicles on the regulation of mitochondria under hypoxia","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-015-2501-z","article-title":"Clostridium difficile infection in patients with liver disease: A review","volume":"34","author":"Trifan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160amadan, L., Jeli\u010di\u0107, M., Vince, A., and Papi\u0107, N. (2021). Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-A Novel Risk Factor for Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10070780"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7929610","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7929610","article-title":"Intestinal Clostridioides difficile Can Cause Liver Injury through the Occurrence of Inflammation and Damage to Hepatocytes","volume":"2020","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3156","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb44070218","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Chronic Liver Disease","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G748","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00031.2020","article-title":"Perturbed mitochondrial dynamics, an emerging aspect of epithelial-microbe interactions","volume":"318","author":"McKay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lagos, L., Leanti La Rosa, S., \u00d8 Arntzen, M., \u00c5nestad, R., Terrapon, N., Gaby, J.C., and Westereng, B. (2020). Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles Secreted In Vitro by Porcine Microbiota. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8070983"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324731","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2017.1324731","article-title":"Isolation of membrane vesicles from prokaryotes: A technical and biological comparison reveals heterogeneity","volume":"6","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00080","article-title":"Streptococcal Extracellular Membrane Vesicles Are Rapidly Internalized by Immune Cells and Alter Their Cytokine Release","volume":"11","author":"Mehanny","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2021.103861","article-title":"Study of the microbial diversity of a panel of Belgian artisanal cheeses associated with challenge studies for Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"100","author":"Burteau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2584","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2584","article-title":"VSEARCH: A versatile open source tool for metagenomics","volume":"4","author":"Rognes","year":"2016","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7537","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01541-09","article-title":"Introducing mothur: Open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities","volume":"75","author":"Schloss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-2-15","article-title":"Unifying the analysis of high-throughput sequencing datasets: Characterizing RNA-seq, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and selective growth experiments by compositional data analysis","volume":"2","author":"Fernandes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2012.09.008","article-title":"Clostridium difficile in young farm animals and slaughter animals in Belgium","volume":"18","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47714-0","article-title":"Characterization of Clostridium difficile isolates using capillary gel electrophoresis-based PCR ribotyping","volume":"57","author":"Indra","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.07.017","article-title":"Presence of Clostridium difficile in pigs and cattle intestinal contents and carcass contamination at the slaughterhouse in Belgium","volume":"166","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000468","article-title":"Commensal-derived OMVs elicit a mild proinflammatory response in intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"163","author":"Patten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1515\/BC-2011-198","article-title":"Protection from Clostridium difficile toxin B-catalysed Rac1\/Cdc42 glucosylation by tauroursodeox-ycholic acid-induced Rac1\/Cdc42 phosphorylation","volume":"393","author":"Brandes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8701","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45217-9","article-title":"Quantification of fixed adherent cells using a strong enhancer of the fluorescence of DNA dyes","volume":"9","author":"Koberna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12.8.1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471141755.ph1208s25","article-title":"Measurement of cell death in mammalian cells","volume":"25","author":"Cummings","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2884","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00845-13","article-title":"Intestinal dysbiosis and depletion of butyrogenic bacteria in Clostridium difficile infection and nosocomial diarrhea","volume":"51","author":"Antharam","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, D., Ni, Q., Wang, C., Zhang, L., Li, Z., Jiang, C., Mao, E., and Peng, Y. (2018). Effects of intestinal colonization by Clostridium difficile and Staphylococcus aureus on microbiota diversity in healthy individuals in China. BMC Infect. Dis., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3111-z"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-018-1543-8","article-title":"Clostridium difficile, the Difficult \u201cKloster\u201d Fuelled by Antibiotics","volume":"76","author":"Dicks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2019.102113","article-title":"Coexistence of Clostridioides difficile and Staphylococcus aureus in gut of Iranian outpatients with underlying inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"61","author":"Azimirad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics4030230","article-title":"Antimicrobial Use, Human Gut Microbiota and Clostridium difficile Colonization and Infection","volume":"4","author":"Vincent","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-019-0364-5","article-title":"Defining the role of Parasutterella, a previously uncharacterized member of the core gut microbiota","volume":"13","author":"Ju","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2015.12.017","article-title":"Bile acids in drug induced liver injury: Key players and surrogate markers","volume":"40","author":"Schadt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gottlieb, A., and Canbay, A. (2019). Why Bile Acids Are So Important in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Progression. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8111358"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villanueva-Paz, M., Mor\u00e1n, L., L\u00f3pez-Alc\u00e1ntara, N., Freixo, C., Andrade, R.J., Lucena, M.I., and Cubero, F.J. (2021). Oxidative Stress in Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI): From Mechanisms to Biomarkers for Use in Clinical Practice. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10030390"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J.W., Kim, S.E., Lee, N.Y., Kim, J.H., Jung, J.H., Jang, M.K., Park, S.H., Lee, M.S., Kim, D.J., and Kim, H.S. (2021). Role of Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010426"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"185","article-title":"Bacterial toxins modifying the actin cytoskeleton","volume":"2","author":"Richard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150452","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2022.2150452","article-title":"Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridioides difficile","volume":"14","author":"Buddle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v13.i11.1777","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with worse intestinal complications in patients hospitalized for Clostridioides difficile infection","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4209442","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4209442","article-title":"Clostridioides difficile Infection in Liver Cirrhosis: A Concise Review","volume":"2022","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16574","DOI":"10.1039\/D2DT02985E","article-title":"Synthesis, structural studies, interaction with DNA\/HSA and antitumor evaluation of new Cu(II) complexes containing 2-(1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyridine and amino acids","volume":"51","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2017.07.009","article-title":"Mitochondrial membrane potential","volume":"552","author":"Zorova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201008084","article-title":"Mitochondrial membrane potential regulates PINK1 import and proteolytic destabilization by PARL","volume":"191","author":"Jin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deo, P., Chow, S.H., Hay, I.D., Kleifeld, O., Costin, A., Elgass, K.D., Jiang, J.H., Ramm, G., Gabriel, K., and Dougan, G. (2018). Outer membrane vesicles from Neisseria gonorrhoeae target PorB to mitochondria and induce apoptosis. PLoS Pathog., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006945"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2020.8027","article-title":"Spatial Properties of Reactive Oxygen Species Govern Pathogen-Specific Immune System Responses","volume":"32","author":"To","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2012.11.020","article-title":"Glutathione peroxidases","volume":"1830","author":"Maiorino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.02.003","article-title":"Inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A in hepatic stellate cells protects against fibrosis","volume":"77","author":"Fondevila","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2337\/db21-0363","article-title":"Hepatic CPT1A Facilitates Liver-Adipose Cross-Talk via Induction of FGF21 in Mice","volume":"71","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.025","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"152","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2015.12.001","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dynamics and Metabolic Regulation","volume":"27","author":"Wai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22183","article-title":"The lysosomal-mitochondrial axis in free fatty acid-induced hepatic lipotoxicity","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4942","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05232-0","article-title":"Polymorphic regulation of mitochondrial fission and fusion modifies phenotypes of microglia in neuroinflammation","volume":"7","author":"Katoh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02461","article-title":"Pivotal Role of Mitochondria in Macrophage Response to Bacterial Pathogens","volume":"10","author":"Ramond","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-022-00473-1","article-title":"Hepatocyte Mitochondrial Dynamics and Bioenergetics in Obesity-Related Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"11","author":"Legaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3390\/livers1030010","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dynamics in Drug-Induced Liver Injury","volume":"1","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Livers"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.04.004","article-title":"Adaptation of hepatic mitochondrial function in humans with non-alcoholic fatty liver is lost in steatohepatitis","volume":"21","author":"Koliaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Metab."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1219855","article-title":"Mitochondrial fission, fusion, and stress","volume":"337","author":"Youle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2017.08.006","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dynamics at the Interface of Immune Cell Metabolism and Function","volume":"39","author":"Rambold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710420","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.710420","article-title":"Metabolic Changes of Hepatocytes in NAFLD","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.10.026","article-title":"The Power of Plasticity-Metabolic Regulation of Hepatic Stellate Cells","volume":"33","author":"Trivedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Metab."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13280","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13280","article-title":"PKM2-dependent glycolysis promotes NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasome activation","volume":"7","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.12.005","article-title":"Pyruvate kinase M2 regulates Hif-1\u03b1 activity and IL-1\u03b2 induction and is a critical determinant of the warburg effect in LPS-activated macrophages","volume":"21","author":"Curtis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Metab."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-020-01612-1","article-title":"Protein kinase function of pyruvate kinase M2 and cancer","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Cell. Int."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1667","article-title":"PPAR\u03b3 contributes to PKM2 and HK2 expression in fatty liver","volume":"3","author":"Panasyuk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inomata, Y., Oh, J.W., Taniguchi, K., Sugito, N., Kawaguchi, N., Hirokawa, F., Lee, S.W., Akao, Y., Takai, S., and Kim, K.P. (2022). Downregulation of miR-122-5p Activates Glycolysis via PKM2 in Kupffer Cells of Rat and Mouse Models of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23095230"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5131","article-title":"Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS) regulates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-fibrosis progression by determining hepatic glucose\/fatty acid preference under high-fat diet conditions","volume":"246","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.028","article-title":"Acetylation of lactate dehydrogenase B drives NAFLD progression by impairing lactate clearance","volume":"74","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00026.2013","article-title":"Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-induced ROS release","volume":"94","author":"Zorov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/12\/4\/818\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:04:20Z","timestamp":1760123060000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/12\/4\/818"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox12040818"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox12040818","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]}}}