{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:14:04Z","timestamp":1790802844361,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Our aim was to review the current literature regarding the effect of antioxidant supplementation (AS) on male fertility parameters, as AS is commonly used to treat male infertility due to the availability and affordability of antioxidants in many parts of the world. Materials and methods: PubMed, Medline, and Cochrane electronic bibliographies were searched using the modified Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to evaluate studies on the benefit of antioxidant therapy on infertile men. Results were analyzed regarding the following aspects: (a) ingredient and dose; (b) potential mechanism of action and rationale for use; and (c) effect on various reported outcomes. Results: Thus, 29 studies found a substantial positive effect of AS on outcomes of assisted reproductive therapy (ART), WHO semen parameters, and live-birth rate. Carnitines, Vitamin E and C, N-acetyl cysteine, coenzyme Q10, selenium, zinc, folic acid, and lycopene were beneficial ingredients. Nevertheless, some studies did not show a substantial change in one or more factors. Conclusion: AS seems to have a positive effect on male fertility. Environmental factors may play an increasing role in fertility. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal AS combination and the influence of environmental factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12040836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T03:17:35Z","timestamp":1680146255000},"page":"836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Antioxidant Supplementation on Male Fertility\u2014A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1198-9144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fotios","family":"Dimitriadis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hendrik","family":"Borgmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, 14476 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Struck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, 14476 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, 14476 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timur","family":"Kuru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, 14476 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(03)00150-0","article-title":"Male Factor Infertility Evaluation and Management","volume":"88","author":"Brugh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/13.suppl_1.33","article-title":"Epidemiology and Aetiology of Male Infertility","volume":"13","author":"Irvine","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(02)03105-9","article-title":"Best Practice Policies for Male Infertility","volume":"77","author":"Sharlip","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(99)00551-8","article-title":"Male Factor Subfertility: Possible Causes and the Impact of Nutritional Factors","volume":"73","author":"Wong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612827666210204160248","article-title":"Administration of Antioxidants in Infertile Male: When It May Have a Detrimental Effect?","volume":"27","author":"Dimitriadis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.15046","article-title":"PDE5 Inhibitors and Male Reproduction: Is There a Place for PDE5 Inhibitors in Infertility Clinics or Andrology Laboratories?","volume":"29","author":"Dimitriadis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmn004","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Male Infertility\u2014A Clinical Perspective","volume":"14","author":"Tremellen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Updat."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Symeonidis, E.N., Evgeni, E., Palapelas, V., Koumasi, D., Pyrgidis, N., Sokolakis, I., Hatzichristodoulou, G., Tsiampali, C., Mykoniatis, I., and Zachariou, A. (2021). Redox Balance in Male Infertility: Excellence through Moderation\u2014\u201c\u039c\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u1f0c\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u201d. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10101534"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1530\/ror.0.0040031","article-title":"Origin of DNA Damage in Ejaculated Human Spermatozoa","volume":"4","author":"Sakkas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montano, L., Maugeri, A., Volpe, M.G., Micali, S., Mirone, V., Mantovani, A., Navarra, M., and Piscopo, M. (2022). Mediterranean Diet as a Shield against Male Infertility and Cancer Risk Induced by Environmental Pollutants: A Focus on Flavonoids. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031568"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perrone, P., Lettieri, G., Marinaro, C., Longo, V., Capone, S., Forleo, A., Pappalardo, S., Montano, L., and Piscopo, M. (2022). Molecular Alterations and Severe Abnormalities in Spermatozoa of Young Men Living in the \u201cValley of Sacco River\u201d (Latium, Italy): A Preliminary Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191711023"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2002.tb02324.x","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Male Infertility: From Research Bench to Clinical Practice","volume":"23","author":"Saleh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2005.05328.x","article-title":"Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage and Apoptosis in Male Infertility: A Clinical Approach","volume":"95","author":"Agarwal","year":"2005","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"357","article-title":"Oxidative Stress & Male Infertility","volume":"129","author":"Makker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Medical. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-013-0047-5","article-title":"Coenzyme Q10 and Male Infertility: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"30","author":"Lafuente","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.2174\/138920005774330594","article-title":"Mechanisms of Male Infertility: Role of Antioxidants","volume":"6","author":"Sheweita","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Metab."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"525","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Induced Sperm DNA Damage, a Possible Reason for Male Infertility","volume":"13","author":"Hosen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran J. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)57614-6","article-title":"Predicting the Fertilizing Potential of Human Sperm Suspensions in Vitro: Importance of Sperm Morphology and Leukocyte Contamination","volume":"63","author":"Sukcharoen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.02.111","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species as an Independent Marker of Male Factor Infertility","volume":"86","author":"Agarwal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2006.05607.x","article-title":"Vitamin C","volume":"274","author":"Linster","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1159\/000112963","article-title":"Indications of the Mechanisms Involved in Improved Sperm Parameters by Zinc Therapy","volume":"17","author":"Omu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Prin. Pr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12003","article-title":"Effects of Oral Antioxidant Treatment upon the Dynamics of Human Sperm DNA Fragmentation and Subpopulations of Sperm with Highly Degraded DNA","volume":"45","author":"Abad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"827941","article-title":"Coenzyme Q10, \u03b1-Tocopherol, and Oxidative Stress Could Be Important Metabolic Biomarkers of Male Infertility","volume":"2015","author":"Dubravicky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.13.10.1145","article-title":"Vitamin E: Function and Metabolism","volume":"13","author":"Traber","year":"1999","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.10.015","article-title":"Efficacy of Selenium and\/or N-Acetyl-Cysteine for Improving Semen Parameters in Infertile Men: A Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled, Randomized Study","volume":"181","author":"Safarinejad","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-516X.91152","article-title":"Assessment of the Level of Trace Element Zinc in Seminal Plasma of Males and Evaluation of Its Role in Male Infertility","volume":"1","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Basic Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2005.10.055","article-title":"Carnitine for the Treatment of Idiopathic Asthenospermia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"85","author":"Sigman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"e224","article-title":"Coenzyme Q10 Improves Seminal Oxidative Defense but Does Not Affect on Semen Parameters in Idiopathic Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia: A Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial","volume":"34","author":"Nadjarzadeh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2009.02.034","article-title":"Effects of N-Acetylcysteine on Semen Parameters and Oxidative\/Antioxidant Status","volume":"74","author":"Ciftci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024483520560","article-title":"Lycopene Therapy in Idiopathic Male Infertility\u2014A Preliminary Report","volume":"34","author":"Gupta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boitrelle, F., Shah, R., Saleh, R., Henkel, R., Kandil, H., Chung, E., Vogiatzi, P., Zini, A., Arafa, M., and Agarwal, A. (2021). The Sixth Edition of the WHO Manual for Human Semen Analysis: A Critical Review and SWOT Analysis. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11121368"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2012.04.048","article-title":"on M. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Male Infertility: The 2012 Update","volume":"62","author":"Jungwirth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-007-0218-z","article-title":"May Antioxidant Therapy Improve Sperm Parameters of Men with Persistent Oligospermia after Retrograde Embolization for Varicocele?","volume":"26","author":"Galatioto","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.10.010","article-title":"Oral Carnitine Supplementation Increases Sperm Motility in Asthenozoospermic Men with Normal Sperm Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Glutathione Peroxidase Levels","volume":"83","author":"Garolla","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-011-0081-0","article-title":"The Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Partner Pregnancy Rate in Infertile Men with Idiopathic Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia: An Open-Label Prospective Study","volume":"44","author":"Safarinejad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.02.119","article-title":"Coenzyme Q10 Treatment in Infertile Men with Idiopathic Asthenozoospermia: A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Randomized Trial","volume":"91","author":"Balercia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(01)03229-0","article-title":"Effects of Folic Acid and Zinc Sulfate on Male Factor Subfertility: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"77","author":"Wong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.02.121","article-title":"Efficacy of Coenzyme Q10 on Semen Parameters, Sperm Function and Reproductive Hormones in Infertile Men","volume":"182","author":"Safarinejad","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.03.131","article-title":"Effects of the Reduced Form of Coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinol) on Semen Parameters in Men with Idiopathic Infertility: A Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled, Randomized Study","volume":"188","author":"Safarinejad","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S16275","article-title":"Selenium\u2013Vitamin E Supplementation in Infertile Men: Effects on Semen Parameters and Pregnancy Rate","volume":"4","author":"Moslemi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2003.10.034","article-title":"A Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Randomized Trial of the Use of Combined l-Carnitine and l-Acetyl-Carnitine Treatment in Men with Asthenozoospermia","volume":"81","author":"Lenzi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2005.03.064","article-title":"Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Randomized Trial on the Use of l-Carnitine, l-Acetylcarnitine, or Combined l-Carnitine and l-Acetylcarnitine in Men with Idiopathic Asthenozoospermia","volume":"84","author":"Balercia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2004.tb02853.x","article-title":"Cinnoxicam and L-Carnitine\/Acetyl-l-Carnitine Treatment for Idiopathic and Varicocele-Associated Oligoasthenospermia","volume":"25","author":"Cavallini","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.04146","article-title":"Reduction of the Incidence of Sperm DNA Fragmentation by Oral Antioxidant Treatment","volume":"26","author":"Greco","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(97)00262-5","article-title":"Treatment of Asthenozoospermia with Zinc Sulphate: Andrological, Immunological and Obstetric Outcome","volume":"79","author":"Omu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obs. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)60887-5","article-title":"Antioxidants to Reduce Sperm DNA Fragmentation: An Unexpected Adverse Effect","volume":"14","author":"Hazout","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/01485010390129269","article-title":"SPERM OXIDATIVE STRESS AND THE EFFECT OF AN ORAL VITAMIN E AND SELENIUM SUPPLEMENT ON SEMEN QUALITY IN INFERTILE MEN","volume":"49","author":"Rebai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Androl."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2007.00723.x","article-title":"A Randomised Control Trial Examining the Effect of an Antioxidant (Menevit) on Pregnancy Outcome during IVF-ICSI Treatment","volume":"47","author":"Tremellen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)57861-3","article-title":"A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo Cross-over Controlled Trial Using the Antioxidant Vitamin E to Treat Reactive Oxygen Species Associated Male Infertility","volume":"64","author":"Kessopoulou","year":"1995","journal-title":"Fertil Steril."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3109\/14647273.2015.1050462","article-title":"Oral Antioxidant Treatment Partly Improves Integrity of Human Sperm DNA in Infertile Grade I Varicocele Patients","volume":"18","author":"Abad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1996.tb01830.x","article-title":"Lipid Peroxidation and Human Sperm Motility: Protective Role of Vitamin E","volume":"17","author":"Suleiman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2590","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dei091","article-title":"ICSI in Cases of Sperm DNA Damage: Beneficial Effect of Oral Antioxidant Treatment","volume":"20","author":"Greco","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1995.tb01083.x","article-title":"Excretion of Alpha-tocopherol into Human Seminal Plasma after Oral Administration","volume":"27","author":"Moilanen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.108.006940","article-title":"Selenium Supplementation Does Not Affect Testicular Selenium Status or Semen Quality in North American Men","volume":"30","author":"Hawkes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2009.02280.x","article-title":"Role of Antioxidants in the Treatment of Male Infertility","volume":"16","author":"Kefer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1987.tb23770.x","article-title":"Effect of Ascorbic Acid on Male Fertility","volume":"498","author":"DAWSON","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.111.013730","article-title":"The Role of Over-the-Counter Supplements for the Treatment of Male Infertility\u2014Fact or Fiction?","volume":"33","author":"Ko","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.08-251","article-title":"Ascorbic Acid in Human Seminal Plasma: Determination and Its Relationship to Sperm Quality","volume":"45","author":"Colagar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2008.08.008","article-title":"Carnitine in Metabolic Disease: Potential for Pharmacological Intervention","volume":"120","author":"Arduini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3109\/01485019608988499","article-title":"Relationship of Carnitine Transport Across the Epididymis to Blood Carnitine and Androgens in Rats","volume":"37","author":"Radigue","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Androl."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36262","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M203883200","article-title":"Molecular Identification of a Novel Carnitine Transporter Specific to Human Testis INSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANISM OF CARNITINE RECOGNITION* 210","volume":"277","author":"Enomoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S60","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00226842","article-title":"Ubiquinol: An Endogenous Antioxidant in Aerobic Organisms","volume":"71","author":"Ernster","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12062","article-title":"Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Antioxidant Enzymes Activity and Oxidative Stress of Seminal Plasma: A Double-blind Randomised Clinical Trial","volume":"46","author":"Nadjarzadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"BC01-3","article-title":"Effect of Ubiquinol Therapy on Sperm Parameters and Serum Testosterone Levels in Oligoasthenozoospermic Infertile Men","volume":"9","author":"Thakur","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wessells, K.R., and Brown, K.H. (2012). Estimating the Global Prevalence of Zinc Deficiency: Results Based on Zinc Availability in National Food Supplies and the Prevalence of Stunting. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050568"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-017-1215-8","article-title":"Effect of Oral Zinc Supplementation on the Thiol Oxido-Reductive Index and Thiol-Related Enzymes in Seminal Plasma and Spermatozoa of Iraqi Asthenospermic Patients","volume":"184","author":"Alsalman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1369\/jhc.4A6482.2005","article-title":"Zinc-Regulating Proteins, ZnT-1, and Metallothionein I\/II Are Present in Different Cell Populations in the Mouse Testis","volume":"53","author":"Elgazar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dml054","article-title":"The Importance of Folate, Zinc and Antioxidants in the Pathogenesis and Prevention of Subfertility","volume":"13","author":"Ebisch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Updat."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2005.00598.x","article-title":"Does Folic Acid and Zinc Sulphate Intervention Affect Endocrine Parameters and Sperm Characteristics in Men?","volume":"29","author":"Ebisch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-12-1","article-title":"Study of the Effects of Oral Zinc Supplementation on Peroxynitrite Levels, Arginase Activity and NO Synthase Activity in Seminal Plasma of Iraqi Asthenospermic Patients","volume":"12","author":"Hadwan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrin"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadwan, M.H., Almashhedy, L.A., and Alsalman, A.R.S. (2012). Oral Zinc Supplementation Restore High Molecular Weight Seminal Zinc Binding Protein to Normal Value in Iraqi Infertile Men. BMC Urol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2490-12-32"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12180","article-title":"The Micronutrient Supplements, Zinc Sulphate and Folic Acid, Did Not Ameliorate Sperm Functional Parameters in Oligoasthenoteratozoospermic Men","volume":"46","author":"Raigani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1515\/BC.2007.112","article-title":"Selenium in Mammalian Spermiogenesis","volume":"388","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bchm"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c1vila, C., Vinay, J.I., Arese, M., Saso, L., and Rodrigo, R. (2022). Antioxidant Intervention against Male Infertility: Time to Design Novel Strategies. Biomed, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10123058"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-12966-7_17","article-title":"Reductive Stress and Male Infertility","volume":"1391","author":"Sengupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1080\/19396368.2022.2119181","article-title":"Oxidative versus Reductive Stress: A Delicate Balance for Sperm Integrity","volume":"69","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/12\/4\/836\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:06:47Z","timestamp":1760123207000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/12\/4\/836"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox12040836"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox12040836","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]}}}