{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T09:58:14Z","timestamp":1766138294895,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004881","name":"Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FIS\/IMSS\/PROT\/PRIO\/19\/117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIS\/IMSS\/PROT\/PRIO\/19\/117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004881","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxidative stress (OS) plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). However, the actors that regulate OS need to be better studied. We aimed to evaluate whether NFE2-like bZIP transcription factor 2 (Nrf2), glutathione, malondialdehyde (MDA), and protein carbonyl concentrations change according to the disease severity in DMD patients. Moreover, we assessed whether OS correlated with muscle injury, clinical characteristics, physical activity, and antioxidant food consumption (AFC). A total of 28 DMD patients participated in this study. OS markers, metabolic indicators, and enzymatic markers of muscle injury were measured in circulation. Muscle injury was measured with clinical scales, and physical activity and AFC were evaluated with questionnaires. Nrf2 concentration was lower (p\u00a0\u2264 0.01), and malondialdehyde concentration was higher (p &lt; 0.05) in non-ambulatory patients than in ambulatory patients. Nrf2 correlated with age (rho = \u22120.387), Vignos scale (rho = \u22120.328), GMFCS scale (rho = \u22120.399), and Brooke scale scores (rho = \u22120.371) (p &lt; 0.05). MDA correlated with Vignos (rho = 0.317) and Brooke scale scores (rho = 0.414) (p \u2264 0.05). In conclusion, DMD patients with the worst muscle function had more significant oxidative damage and lower antioxidant function than DMD patients with better muscle function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12040871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]],"date-time":"2023-04-04T02:30:15Z","timestamp":1680575415000},"page":"871","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Circulating Nrf2, Glutathione, and Malondialdehyde Correlate with Disease Severity in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tomas","family":"Almeida-Becerril","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Nutrici\u00f3n Molecular, Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Nutrici\u00f3n, Unidad M\u00e9dica de Alta Especialidad Hospital de Pediatr\u00eda \u201cDr. Silvestre Frenk Freund\u201d, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City 06725, Mexico"},{"name":"Posgrado en Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maricela","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Nutrici\u00f3n Molecular, Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Nutrici\u00f3n, Unidad M\u00e9dica de Alta Especialidad Hospital de Pediatr\u00eda \u201cDr. Silvestre Frenk Freund\u201d, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City 06725, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Villa-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Nutrici\u00f3n Molecular, Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Nutrici\u00f3n, Unidad M\u00e9dica de Alta Especialidad Hospital de Pediatr\u00eda \u201cDr. Silvestre Frenk Freund\u201d, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City 06725, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian Ricardo","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica, Unidad M\u00e9dica de Alta Especialidad Hospital General \u201cDr. Gaudencio Gonz\u00e1lez Garza\u201d, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social(IMSS), Mexico City 02990, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6664-4178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Emilio","family":"Galeazzi-Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica M\u00e9dica, Hospital de Pediatr\u00eda \u201cDr. Silvestre Frenk Freund\u201d, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City 06725, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001500","article-title":"Natural History of Serum Enzyme Levels in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and Implications for Clinical Practice","volume":"99","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2014.03.008","article-title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Epidemiology of Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"24","author":"Mah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. Disord."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genom-090314-025003","article-title":"The Pathogenesis and Therapy of Muscular Dystrophies","volume":"16","author":"Guiraud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genom. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00007.2015","article-title":"Absence of Dystrophin Disrupts Skeletal Muscle Signaling: Roles of Ca2+, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Nitric Oxide in the Development of Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"96","author":"Allen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"891972","article-title":"Systemic Inflammation in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Association with Muscle Function and Nutritional Status","volume":"2015","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101803","article-title":"Targeting Nrf2 for the Treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"38","author":"Kourakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(00)80077-3","article-title":"What is oxidative stress?","volume":"49","author":"Betteridge","year":"2000","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8966(97)00124-7","article-title":"Muscle Cells from Mdx Mice Have an Increased Susceptibility to Oxidative Stress","volume":"8","author":"Rando","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. Disord."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2015.06.021","article-title":"Mechanisms of Activation of the Transcription Factor Nrf2 by Redox Stressors, Nutrient Cues, and Energy Status and the Pathways through Which It Attenuates Degenerative Disease","volume":"88","author":"Tebay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddx173","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Focus on the NRF2 Redox Pathway","volume":"26","author":"Petrillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2020.06.013","article-title":"Circulating markers of oxidative stress are associated with a muscle injury in patients with muscular dystrophy Duchenne","volume":"43","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burns, D.P., Drummond, S.E., Bolger, D., Coiscaud, A., Murphy, K.H., Edge, D., and O\u2019Halloran, K.D. (2019). N-Acetylcysteine Decreases Fibrosis and Increases Force-Generating Capacity of Mdx Diaphragm. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8120581"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2007.11.005","article-title":"Isoprostanes in Dystrophinopathy: Evidence of Increased Oxidative Stress","volume":"30","author":"Grosso","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(86)90273-1","article-title":"Plasma Antioxidants and Lipid Peroxidation Products in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"155","author":"Hunter","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(84)90150-3","article-title":"Lipid Peroxidation and Superoxide Dismutase Activity in Muscle and Erythrocytes in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"63","author":"Mechler","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Mshhdani, B.A., Grounds, M.D., Arthur, P.G., and Terrill, J.R. (2021). A Blood Biomarker for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Shows That Oxidation State of Albumin Correlates with Protein Oxidation and Damage in Mdx Muscle. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10081241"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carraro, E., Schilir\u00f2, T., Biorci, F., Romanazzi, V., Degan, R., Buonocore, D., Verri, M., Dossena, M., Bonetta, S., and Gilli, G. (2018). Physical Activity, Lifestyle Factors and Oxidative Stress in Middle Age Healthy Subjects. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15061152"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13673","article-title":"Natural history of circulating miRNAs in Duchenne disease: Association with muscle injury and metabolic parameters","volume":"146","author":"Mendoza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(60)90105-3","article-title":"Maintenance of Ambulation in Childhood Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"12","author":"Vignos","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07414.x","article-title":"Development and Reliability of a System to Classify Gross Motor Function in Children with Cerebral Palsy","volume":"39","author":"Palisano","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880040304","article-title":"Clinical Trial in Duchenne Dystrophy. I. The Design of the Protocol","volume":"4","author":"Brooke","year":"1981","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2838","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq270","article-title":"Aids to the investigation of peripheral nerve injuries. Medical Research Council: Nerve Injuries Research Committee. His Majesty\u2019s Stationery Office: 1942; pp. 48 (iii) and 74 figures and 7 diagrams; with aids to the examination of the peripheral nervous system. By Michael O\u2019Brien for the Guarantors of Brain. Saunders Elsevier: 2010; pp. [8] 64 and 94 Figures","volume":"133","author":"Compston","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1253\/jcj.50.1191","article-title":"Application of Friedewald\u2019s LDL-Cholesterol Estimation Formula to Serum Lipids in the Japanese Population","volume":"50","author":"Hata","year":"1986","journal-title":"Jpn. Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Kowalski, K.C., Crocker, P.R., and Donen, R.M. (2004). The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) and Adolescents (PAQ-A) Manual, University of Saskatchewan."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2022, July 26). ENSANUT. Available online: https:\/\/ensanut.insp.mx\/."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2012.676029","article-title":"Frequency of Consumption of Foods and Beverages by Inuvialuit Adults in Northwest Territories, Arctic Canada","volume":"63","author":"Zotor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-9-3","article-title":"The Total Antioxidant Content of More than 3100 Foods, Beverages, Spices, Herbs and Supplements Used Worldwide","volume":"9","author":"Carlsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2022, May 17). Leiden Muscular Dystrophy Pages. Available online: https:\/\/www.dmd.nl\/."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5126","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22913-6","article-title":"Association of NF-E2 Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) and inflammatory cytokines in recent onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"8","author":"Sireesh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1997.6943","article-title":"An Nrf2\/Small Maf Heterodimer Mediates the Induction of Phase II Detoxifying Enzyme Genes through Antioxidant Response Elements","volume":"236","author":"Itoh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2004.07.021","article-title":"Plasma Malondialdehyde and Erythrocyte Glutathione Levels in Workers with Cement Dust-Exposure Silicosis","volume":"207","author":"Orman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-131678","article-title":"The Effect of Lead-Induced Oxidative Stress on Blood Viscosity and Rheological Properties of Erythrocytes in Lead Exposed Humans","volume":"56","author":"Kasperczyk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"517","article-title":"Association between Occupational Lead Exposure and Plasma Levels of Selected Oxidative Stress Related Parameters in Jordanian Automobile Workers","volume":"31","author":"Shraideh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2019.246","article-title":"Association between Malondialdehyde and Glutathione (L-Gamma-Glutamyl-Cysteinyl-Glycine\/GSH) Levels on Workers Exposed to Benzene in Indonesia","volume":"7","author":"Tualeka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/12\/4\/871\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:09:05Z","timestamp":1760123345000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/12\/4\/871"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox12040871"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox12040871","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-3921"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]}}}