{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:48:27Z","timestamp":1790880507689,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":345,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["GR-2019-12368701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR-2019-12368701"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxygen is a central molecule for numerous metabolic and cytophysiological processes, and, indeed, its imbalance can lead to numerous pathological consequences. In the human body, the brain is an aerobic organ and for this reason, it is very sensitive to oxygen equilibrium. The consequences of oxygen imbalance are especially devastating when occurring in this organ. Indeed, oxygen imbalance can lead to hypoxia, hyperoxia, protein misfolding, mitochondria dysfunction, alterations in heme metabolism and neuroinflammation. Consequently, these dysfunctions can cause numerous neurological alterations, both in the pediatric life and in the adult ages. These disorders share numerous common pathways, most of which are consequent to redox imbalance. In this review, we will focus on the dysfunctions present in neurodegenerative disorders (specifically Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) and pediatric neurological disorders (X-adrenoleukodystrophies, spinal muscular atrophy, mucopolysaccharidoses and Pelizaeus\u2013Merzbacher Disease), highlighting their underlining dysfunction in redox and identifying potential therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12040965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T04:53:59Z","timestamp":1681966439000},"page":"965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Redox Imbalance in Neurological Disorders in Adults and Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7944-3143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Rey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinical Research Center \u201cRomeo ed Enrica Invernizzi\u201d, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Center of Functional Genomics and Rare diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1257-5843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clarissa","family":"Berardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinical Research Center \u201cRomeo ed Enrica Invernizzi\u201d, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Center of Functional Genomics and Rare diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Maghraby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinical Research Center \u201cRomeo ed Enrica Invernizzi\u201d, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biology and Biotechnology \u201cL. Spallanzani\u201d, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5675-5347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Mauri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinical Research Center \u201cRomeo ed Enrica Invernizzi\u201d, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Center of Functional Genomics and Rare diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Letizia","family":"Messa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Functional Genomics and Rare diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1621-599X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Letizia","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinical Research Center \u201cRomeo ed Enrica Invernizzi\u201d, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Center of Functional Genomics and Rare diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Casili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, 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University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2795-9874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianvincenzo","family":"Zuccotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinical Research Center \u201cRomeo ed Enrica Invernizzi\u201d, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Tonduti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinical Research Center \u201cRomeo ed Enrica Invernizzi\u201d, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Child Neurology Unit, Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Leukodystrophies and Genetic 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