{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T20:31:27Z","timestamp":1793133087780,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"COCARDIOLAC project from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI 2018-097504-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI 2018-097504-B-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"COCARDIOLAC project from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FPU15\/04238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU15\/04238"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"COCARDIOLAC project from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA1\/RSUE\/2021-00656"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA1\/RSUE\/2021-00656"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Excellence Line for University Teaching Staff within the Multiannual Agreement between the Community of Madrid and the UAM","award":["RTI 2018-097504-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI 2018-097504-B-I00"]}]},{"name":"Excellence Line for University Teaching Staff within the Multiannual Agreement between the Community of Madrid and the UAM","award":["FPU15\/04238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU15\/04238"]}]},{"name":"Excellence Line for University Teaching Staff within the Multiannual Agreement between the Community of Madrid and the UAM","award":["CA1\/RSUE\/2021-00656"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA1\/RSUE\/2021-00656"]}]},{"name":"FPU program of the Ministry of Universities for his predoctoral fellowship","award":["RTI 2018-097504-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI 2018-097504-B-I00"]}]},{"name":"FPU program of the Ministry of Universities for his predoctoral fellowship","award":["FPU15\/04238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU15\/04238"]}]},{"name":"FPU program of the Ministry of Universities for his predoctoral fellowship","award":["CA1\/RSUE\/2021-00656"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA1\/RSUE\/2021-00656"]}]},{"name":"Spanish university system","award":["RTI 2018-097504-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI 2018-097504-B-I00"]}]},{"name":"Spanish university system","award":["FPU15\/04238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU15\/04238"]}]},{"name":"Spanish university system","award":["CA1\/RSUE\/2021-00656"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA1\/RSUE\/2021-00656"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The cocoa industry generates a considerable quantity of cocoa shell, a by-product with high levels of methylxanthines and phenolic compounds. Nevertheless, the digestion process can extensively modify these compounds\u2019 bioaccessibility, bioavailability, and bioactivity as a consequence of their transformation. Hence, this work\u2019s objective was to assess the influence of simulated gastrointestinal digestion on the concentration of phenolic compounds found in the cocoa shell flour (CSF) and the cocoa shell extract (CSE), as well as to investigate their radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant activity in both intestinal epithelial (IEC-6) and hepatic (HepG2) cells. The CSF and the CSE exhibited a high amount of methylxanthines (theobromine and caffeine) and phenolic compounds, mainly gallic acid and (+)-catechin, which persisted through the course of the simulated digestion. Gastrointestinal digestion increased the antioxidant capacity of the CSF and the CSE, which also displayed free radical scavenging capacity during the simulated digestion. Neither the CSF nor the CSE exhibited cytotoxicity in intestinal epithelial (IEC-6) or hepatic (HepG2) cells. Moreover, they effectively counteracted oxidative stress triggered by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) while preventing the decline of glutathione, thiol groups, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities in both cell lines. Our study suggests that the cocoa shell may serve as a functional food ingredient for promoting health, owing to its rich concentration of antioxidant compounds that could support combating the cellular oxidative stress associated with chronic disease development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12051007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T01:28:28Z","timestamp":1682558908000},"page":"1007","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Radical Scavenging and Cellular Antioxidant Activity of the Cocoa Shell Phenolic Compounds after Simulated Digestion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9766-0440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Ca\u00f1as","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, C\/Francisco Tom\u00e1s y Valiente, 7, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, UAM-CSIC), C\/Nicol\u00e1s Cabrera, 9, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1034-1290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Rebollo-Hernanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, C\/Francisco Tom\u00e1s y Valiente, 7, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, UAM-CSIC), C\/Nicol\u00e1s Cabrera, 9, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6617-8838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Berm\u00fadez-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, C\/Francisco Tom\u00e1s y Valiente, 7, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, UAM-CSIC), C\/Nicol\u00e1s Cabrera, 9, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, C\/Arzobispo Morcillo 2, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5736-4524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheyenne","family":"Braojos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, C\/Francisco Tom\u00e1s y Valiente, 7, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, UAM-CSIC), C\/Nicol\u00e1s Cabrera, 9, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5815-8239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"Gil-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, C\/Francisco Tom\u00e1s y Valiente, 7, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, UAM-CSIC), C\/Nicol\u00e1s Cabrera, 9, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7517-9752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanesa","family":"Ben\u00edtez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, C\/Francisco Tom\u00e1s y Valiente, 7, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, UAM-CSIC), C\/Nicol\u00e1s Cabrera, 9, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8724-6796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yolanda","family":"Aguilera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, C\/Francisco Tom\u00e1s y Valiente, 7, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma 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