{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T04:16:53Z","timestamp":1779164213359,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministero della Salute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The seminal role of autophagy during age-related macular degeneration (AMD) lies in the clearance of a number of reactive oxidative species that generate dysfunctional mitochondria. In fact, reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the retina generate misfolded proteins, alter lipids and sugars composition, disrupt DNA integrity, damage cell organelles and produce retinal inclusions while causing AMD. This explains why autophagy in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), mostly at the macular level, is essential in AMD and even in baseline conditions to provide a powerful and fast replacement of oxidized molecules and ROS-damaged mitochondria. When autophagy is impaired within RPE, the deleterious effects of ROS, which are produced in excess also during baseline conditions, are no longer counteracted, and retinal degeneration may occur. Within RPE, autophagy can be induced by various stimuli, such as light and naturally occurring phytochemicals. Light and phytochemicals, in turn, may synergize to enhance autophagy. This may explain the beneficial effects of light pulses combined with phytochemicals both in improving retinal structure and visual acuity. The ability of light to activate some phytochemicals may further extend such a synergism during retinal degeneration. In this way, photosensitive natural compounds may produce light-dependent beneficial antioxidant effects in AMD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12061183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T02:01:15Z","timestamp":1685498475000},"page":"1183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Autophagy Activation Promoted by Pulses of Light and Phytochemicals Counteracting Oxidative Stress during Age-Related Macular Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Roberto","family":"Pinelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SERI, Switzerland Eye Research Institute, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Ferrucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Anatomy, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3566-4889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Biagioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Neuromed, 86077 Pozzili, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Berti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SERI, Switzerland Eye Research Institute, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Violet Vakunseth","family":"Bumah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Tennessee, Martin, TN 38237, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla Letizia","family":"Busceti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Neuromed, 86077 Pozzili, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Puglisi-Allegra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Neuromed, 86077 Pozzili, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Lazzeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Anatomy, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Frati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Neuromed, 86077 Pozzili, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3883-5084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Fornai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Anatomy, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Neuromed, 86077 Pozzili, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2606","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0801537","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration","volume":"358","author":"Jager","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"82","article-title":"Measurement of drusen and their correlation with visual symptoms in patients affected by age-related macular degeneration","volume":"158","author":"Pinelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Ital. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinelli, R., Biagioni, F., Limanaqi, F., Bertelli, M., Scaffidi, E., Polzella, M., Busceti, C.L., and Fornai, F. (2020). A Re-Appraisal of Pathogenic Mechanisms Bridging Wet and Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration Leads to Reconsider a Role for Phytochemicals. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155563"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.15586\/aei.v51i1.766","article-title":"NLRX1 increases human retinal pigment epithelial autophagy and reduces H2O2-induced oxidative stress and inflammation by suppressing FUNDC1 phosphorylation and NLRP3 activation","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergol. Immunopathol. (Madr)"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.03.035","article-title":"Visual object processing as a function of stimulus energy, retinal eccentricity and Gestalt configuration: A high-density electrical mapping study","volume":"221","author":"Snyder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11572","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2428-16.2017","article-title":"Recruitment of Foveal Retinotopic Cortex During Haptic Exploration of Shapes and Actions in the Dark","volume":"37","author":"Monaco","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6435364","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6435364","article-title":"Mitochondria as Potential Targets and Initiators of the Blue Light Hazard to the Retina","volume":"2019","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, C.W., Yang, C.M., and Yang, C.H. (2020). Protective Effect of Astaxanthin on Blue Light Light-Emitting Diode-Induced Retinal Cell Damage via Free Radical Scavenging and Activation of PI3K\/Akt\/Nrf2 Pathway in 661W Cell Model. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18080387"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154606","article-title":"Retinal protective effect of curcumin metabolite hexahydrocurcumin against blue light-induced RPE damage","volume":"110","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, K.C., Hsu, Y.T., Liu, W., Huang, H.L., Chen, L.Y., He, C.X., Sheu, S.J., Chen, K.J., Lee, P.Y., and Lin, Y.H. (2021). The Role of Oxidative Stress and Autophagy in Blue-Light-Induced Damage to the Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Zebrafish In Vitro and In Vivo. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031338"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.08.001","article-title":"Extramacular Drusen and Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Age Related Eye Disease Study 2 Report 30","volume":"7","author":"Domalpally","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retina."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7199","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16018","article-title":"Autophagy in the retinal pigment epithelium: A new vision and future challenges","volume":"289","author":"Intartaglia","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.03.009","article-title":"Consequences of oxidative stress in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"33","author":"Jarrett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1987.0023","article-title":"Membrane turnover in rod photoreceptors: Ensheathment and phagocytosis of outer segment distal tips by pseudopodia of the retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"230","author":"Matsumoto","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc. R Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604205","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.604205","article-title":"Phagocytosis by the Retinal Pigment Epithelium: Recognition, Resolution, Recycling","volume":"11","author":"Kwon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.24546","article-title":"Autophagy and heterophagy dysregulation leads to retinal pigment epithelium dysfunction and development of age-related macular de-generation","volume":"9","author":"Kaarniranta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-016-9371-8","article-title":"Autophagy regulates death of retinal pigment epithelium cells in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"33","author":"Kaarniranta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2012.11.018","article-title":"Maturation of autophagosomes and endosomes: A key role for Rab7","volume":"1833","author":"Hyttinen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys Acta."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2014.07.002","article-title":"Clearance of misfolded and aggregated proteins by aggrephagy and implication for aggregation diseases","volume":"18","author":"Hyttinen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"38","article-title":"Exosomes and alpha-synuclein within retina from autophagy to protein spreading in neurodegeneration","volume":"159","author":"Pinelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Ital. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878958","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.878958","article-title":"Induction of Autophagy Promotes Clearance of RHOP23H Aggregates and Protects From Retinal Degeneration","volume":"14","author":"Intartaglia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28476","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28476","article-title":"Amber Light (590 nm) Induces the Breakdown of Lipid Droplets through Autophagy-Related Lysosomal Degradation in Differentiated Adipocytes","volume":"6","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.26735","article-title":"Autophagy and phagocytosis converge for better vision","volume":"10","author":"Ferguson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867600","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.867600","article-title":"Identification and Validation of Autophagy-Related Genes in Diabetic Retinopathy","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roffler-Tarlov, S., Liu, J.H., Naumova, E.N., Bernal-Ayala, M.M., and Mason, C.A. (2013). L-Dopa and the albino riddle: Content of L-Dopa in the developing retina of pigmented and albino mice. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057184"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(01)00196-8","article-title":"Ocular phototoxicity","volume":"64","author":"Roberts","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"427","article-title":"Melanin protects choroidal blood vessels against light toxicity","volume":"61","author":"Peters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Z Nat. C J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1562\/2006-03-08-RA-836","article-title":"Effects of photodegradation on the physical and antioxidant properties of melanosomes isolated from retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"82","author":"Zareba","year":"2006","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20213","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M602110200","article-title":"Pigment epithelium-derived factor inhibits advanced glycation end product-induced retinal vascular hyperpermeability by blocking reactive oxygen species-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor expression","volume":"281","author":"Yamagishi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, C., Cha, H.J., Kim, M.Y., Bang, E., Moon, S.K., Yun, S.J., Kim, W.J., Noh, J.S., Kim, G.Y., and Cho, S. (2022). Phloroglucinol Attenuates DNA Damage and Apoptosis Induced by Oxidative Stress in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium ARPE-19 Cells by Blocking the Production of Mitochondrial ROS. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11122353"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"482","article-title":"Melanization and phagocytosis: Implications for age related macular degeneration","volume":"11","author":"Sarangarajan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100040","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.TR120000850","article-title":"Retinoids in the visual cycle: Role of the retinal G protein-coupled receptor","volume":"62","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15454","article-title":"Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) and derived peptides promote survival and differentiation of photoreceptors and induce neurite-outgrowth in amacrine neurons","volume":"159","author":"Michelis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.003","article-title":"Sources and triggers of oxidative damage in neurodegeneration","volume":"173","author":"Angelova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, H., Kim, J., Shin, C., and Lee, S. (2021). Intersection between Redox Homeostasis and Autophagy: Valuable Insights into Neurodegeneration. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10050694"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"5373","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Redox Imbalance as a Diagnostic Marker of \u201cFree Radical Diseases\u201d","volume":"37","author":"Georgieva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anticancer. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200411150-00001","article-title":"Can autophagy protect against neurodegeneration caused by aggregate-prone proteins?","volume":"15","author":"Ravikumar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1858009","article-title":"Autophagy for the avoidance of neurodegeneration","volume":"23","author":"Madeo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.08.010","article-title":"Lipophagy: A new player in CNS disorders","volume":"32","author":"Haidar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2015.1061172","article-title":"Coupling mitogenesis and mitophagy for longevity","volume":"11","author":"Palikaras","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14300","article-title":"Coordination of mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis during ageing in C. elegans","volume":"521","author":"Palikaras","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"LeDouarin, N.M. (1982). The Neural Crest, Cambridge University Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(96)10080-1","article-title":"The albino retina: An abnormality that provides insight into normal retinal development","volume":"20","author":"Jeffery","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0749.13.s8.7.x","article-title":"The melanosome: The perfect model for cellular responses to the environment","volume":"13","author":"Hearing","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pigment. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11220","DOI":"10.1021\/ja052773z","article-title":"Time-resolved detection of melanin free radicals quenching reactive oxygen species","volume":"127","author":"Seagle","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3519","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-09-03519.1999","article-title":"Catecholamine synthesis is mediated by tyrosinase in the absence of tyrosine hydroxylase","volume":"19","author":"Rios","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3696","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24025","article-title":"Retinal pigment epithelial integrity is compromised in the developing albino mouse retina","volume":"524","author":"Ramos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dmm031641","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.031641","article-title":"Superior cervical gangliectomy induces non-exudative age-related macular degeneration in mice","volume":"11","author":"Dieguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.116.12.1629","article-title":"Advanced glycation end products in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"116","author":"Ishibashi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27848","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27848","article-title":"Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) promote melanogenesis through receptor for AGEs","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2022.03.025","article-title":"Advanced Glycation End Products Promote Melanogenesis by Activating NLRP3 Inflammasome in Human Dermal Fibroblasts","volume":"142","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8955","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-26-08955.2003","article-title":"Fine structure and biochemical mechanisms underlying nigrostriatal inclusions and cell death after proteasome inhibition","volume":"23","author":"Fornai","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2004.12.009","article-title":"Neuronal inclusions in degenerative disorders Do they represent static features or a key to understand the dynamics of the disease?","volume":"65","author":"Fornai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.2174\/1871524920666201109152951","article-title":"The Efficacy of Melanin Precursor QIAPI 1\u00a9 Against Age-related Macular Degenration (AMD): A Case Report","volume":"20","author":"Herrera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cent. Nerv. Syst. Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04429.x","article-title":"Mechanisms involved in the formation of dopamine-induced intracellular bodies within striatal neurons","volume":"101","author":"Lazzeri","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00021.2004","article-title":"The retinal pigment epithelium in visual function","volume":"85","author":"Strauss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-05121-z","article-title":"Hypoxia aggravates ferroptosis in RPE cells by promoting the Fenton reaction","volume":"13","author":"Henning","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s10735-022-10070-0","article-title":"A novel miR-338-3p\/SLC1A5 axis reprograms retinal pigment epithelium to increases its resistance to high glucose-induced cell ferroptosis","volume":"53","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Histol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Wu, D., Fu, Q., Hao, S., Gu, Y., Zhao, W., Chen, S., Sheng, F., Xu, Y., and Chen, Z. (2023). CHAC1 as a Novel Contributor of Ferroptosis in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells with Oxidative Damage. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021582"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23724","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1906643116","article-title":"Genetic LAMP2 deficiency accelerates the age-associated formation of basal laminar deposits in the retina","volume":"116","author":"Notomi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12295","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12295","article-title":"Retinal pigment epithelium extracellular vesicles are potent inducers of age-related macular degeneration disease phenotype in the outer retina","volume":"11","author":"Whitfield","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Extracell Vesicles."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.12.004","article-title":"Lactate protects against oxidative stress-induced retinal degeneration by activating autophagy","volume":"194","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2017.03.006","article-title":"DNA damage response and autophagy in the degeneration of retinal pigment epithelial cells-Implications for age-related macular degeneration (AMD)","volume":"36","author":"Hyttinen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1159\/000363187","article-title":"Treatment of dry age-related macular degeneration","volume":"52","author":"Querques","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.11.007","article-title":"Aberrant protein trafficking in retinal degenerations: The initial phase of retinal remodeling","volume":"150","author":"Bales","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2003.08.009","article-title":"Lipofuscin","volume":"36","author":"Terman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0549","article-title":"Effects of lipid peroxidation-related protein modifications on RPE lysosomal functions and POS phagocytosis","volume":"48","author":"Kaemmerer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2009.01.001","article-title":"Heat-shock proteins as gatekeepers, of proteolytic pathways: Implications for age-related macular degeneration","volume":"8","author":"Kaarniranta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2217","article-title":"Lysosomes: Fusion and function","volume":"8","author":"Luzio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.36184","article-title":"Dysregulated autophagy in the RPE is associated with increased susceptibility to oxidative stress and AMD","volume":"10","author":"Mitter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0423-2","article-title":"Lewy pathology in Parkinson\u2019s disease consists of crowded organelles and lipid membranes","volume":"22","author":"Shahmoradian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(99)00086-7","article-title":"Histologic and morphometric analysis of the choroid, Bruch\u2019s membrane, and retinal pigment epithelium in postmortem eyes with age-related macular degeneration and histologic ex-amination of surgically excised choroidal neovascular membranes","volume":"44","author":"Spraul","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.2741\/e198","article-title":"Mechanism of protein aggregation on the retinal pigment epitelial cells","volume":"2","author":"Kaarniranta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2012.01127.x","article-title":"Lipofuscin and A2E accumulate with age in the retinal pigment epithelium of Nrl-\/- mice","volume":"88","author":"Boyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.Y., Park, S., Park, H.J., Kim, S.H., Lew, H., and Kim, G.J. (2021). PEDF-Mediated Mitophagy Triggers the Visual Cycle by Enhancing Mitochondrial Functions in a H2O2-Injured Rat Model. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10051117"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2022.2109286","article-title":"Mitophagy initiates retrograde mitochondrial-nuclear signaling to guide retinal pigment cell heterogeneity","volume":"19","author":"Datta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2019.1596487","article-title":"Autophagy in Xenopus laevis rod photoreceptors is independently regulated by phototransduction and misfolded RHOP23H","volume":"15","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santo, M., and Conte, I. (2021). Emerging Lysosomal Functions for Photoreceptor Cell Homeostasis and Survival. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11010060"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2021.1969634","article-title":"Monitoring basal autophagy in the retina utilizing CAG-mRFP-EGFP-MAP1LC3B reporter mouse: Technical and biological considerations","volume":"18","author":"Fliesler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2022.2034131","article-title":"Treatments targeting autophagy ameliorate the age-related macular degeneration phenotype in mice lacking APOE (apolipoprotein E)","volume":"18","author":"Vessey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.10.138","article-title":"Lysosome-associated membrane protein-2 deficiency increases the risk of reactive oxygen species-induced ferroptosis in retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"521","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.06.012","article-title":"Noncanonical autophagy promotes the visual cycle","volume":"154","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-014-8920-5","article-title":"The Contribution of Melanoregulin to Microtubule-Associated Protein 1 Light Chain 3 (LC3) Associated Phagocytosis in Retinal Pigment Epithelium","volume":"52","author":"Frost","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2017.1380124","article-title":"RUBCN\/rubicon and EGFR regulate lysosomal degradative processes in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of the eye","volume":"13","author":"Doggett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13511","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3457-08.2008","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of nearinfrared light in an in vivo model of mitochondrial optic neuropathy","volume":"28","author":"Rojas","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.200900032","article-title":"Laser therapy: A review of its mechanism of action and potential medical applications","volume":"5","author":"Tata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"49","article-title":"Low level light therapy of the eye and brain","volume":"3","author":"Rojas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eye Brain."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2021.112245","article-title":"Autophagy upregulation may explain inhibition of oral carcinoma in situ by photobiomodulation in vitro","volume":"221","author":"Stefenon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3341","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1248-9","article-title":"Near Infrared Light Treatment Reduces Synaptic Levels of Toxic Tau Oligomers in Two Transgenic Mouse Models of Human Tauopathies","volume":"56","author":"Comerota","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s12282-020-01128-6","article-title":"In vitro anti-breast cancer studies of LED red light therapy through autophagy","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2022.0087","article-title":"The Regulation of Autophagy by p38 MAPK-PPAR\u03b3 Signaling During the Brain Ischemic Tolerance Induced by Cerebral Ischemic Preconditioning","volume":"41","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Ma, L., Yan, Y., Zhao, L., Han, S., Wu, D., Borlongan, C.V., Li, J., and Ji, X. (2022). cPKC\u03b3-Modulated Autophagy Contributes to Ischemic Preconditioning-Induced Neuroprotection in Mice with Ischemic Stroke via mTOR-ULK1 Pathway. Transl. Stroke Res., Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-022-01094-5"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2023.112654","article-title":"Long-term blue light exposure impairs mitochondrial dynamics in the retina in light-induced retinal degeneration in vivo and in vitro","volume":"240","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108978","article-title":"Filtering blue light mitigates the deleterious effects induced by the oxidative stress in human retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"217","author":"Abdouh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6666506","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6666506","article-title":"MicroRNA-27a Promotes Oxidative-Induced RPE Cell Death through Targeting FOXO1","volume":"2021","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall, H., Ma, J., Shekhar, S., Leon-Salas, W.D., and Weake, V.M. (2018). Blue light induces a neuroprotective gene expression program in Drosophila photoreceptors. BMC Neurosci., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-018-0443-y"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.03.118","article-title":"Blue light-emitting diode irradiation promotes transcription factor EB-mediated lysosome biogenesis and lysosomal cell death in murine photoreceptor-derived cells","volume":"526","author":"Otsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2020.1767371","article-title":"Autophagy and post-ischemic conditioning in retinal ischemia","volume":"17","author":"Mathew","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"24","article-title":"Nutraceuticals for dry age-related macular degeneration: A case report based on novel pathogenic and morphological insights","volume":"158","author":"Pinelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Ital. Biol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, L., He, J., Luo, L., and Wang, K. (2023). Targeting the Interplay of Autophagy and ROS for Cancer Therapy: An Updated Overview on Phytochemicals. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16010092"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.008","article-title":"Autophagy-modulating phytochemicals in cancer therapeutics: Current evidences and future perspectives","volume":"80","author":"Patra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.3746\/pnf.2022.27.4.335","article-title":"A New Frontier in Studying Dietary Phytochemicals in Cancer and in Health: Metabolic and Epigenetic Reprogramming","volume":"27","author":"Shannar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev. Nutr. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jafari-Nozad, A.M., Jafari, A., Zangooie, A., Behdadfard, M., Zangouei, A.S., Aschner, M., Farkhondeh, T., and Samarghandian, S. (2023). Curcumin Combats Against Gastrointestinal Cancer: A Review of Current Knowledge Regarding Epigenetics Mechanisms with a Focus on DNA Methylation. Curr. Med. Chem., Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867330666230112092802"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154501","article-title":"Relationship between the therapeutic potential of various plant-derived bioactive compounds and their related microRNAs in neurological disorders","volume":"108","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115453","article-title":"Berberis dictyophylla F. inhibits angiogenesis and apoptosis of diabetic retinopathy via suppressing HIF-1\u03b1\/VEGF\/DLL-4\/Notch-1 pathway","volume":"296","author":"Ai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037186","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1037186","article-title":"Advanced glycation end products in diabetic retinopathy and phytochemical therapy","volume":"9","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2022.06.004","article-title":"Unconventional avenues to decelerate diabetic retinopathy","volume":"67","author":"Takkar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.284978","article-title":"Medicinal plants and natural products as neuroprotective agents in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"15","author":"Villagrasa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural. Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X17500707","article-title":"Lutein Induces Autophagy via Beclin-1 Upregulation in IEC-6 Rat Intestinal Epithelial Cells","volume":"45","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muangnoi, C., Phumsuay, R., Jongjitphisut, N., Waikasikorn, P., Sangsawat, M., Rashatasakhon, P., Paraoan, L., and Rojsitthisak, P. (2021). Protective Effects of a Lutein Ester Prodrug, Lutein Diglutaric Acid, against H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094722"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675230","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1675230","article-title":"Protective Mechanisms of the Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide Humanin in Oxidative and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in RPE Cells","volume":"2017","author":"Minasyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-02809-z","article-title":"Chaperone-mediated autophagy plays an important role in regulating retinal progenitor cell homeostasis","volume":"13","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem. Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munia, I., Gafray, L., Bringer, M.A., Goldschmidt, P., Proukhnitzky, L., Jacquemot, N., Cercy, C., Ramchani Ben Otman, K., Errera, M.H., and Ranchon-Cole, I. (2020). Cytoprotective Effects of Natural Highly Bio-Available Vegetable Derivatives on Human-Derived Retinal Cells. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030879"},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"378","article-title":"Resveratrol protects against oxidative damage of retinal pigment epithelium cells by modulating SOD\/MDA activity and activating Bcl-2 expression","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101966","article-title":"Exploration of age-related mitochondrial dysfunction and the anti-aging effects of resveratrol in zebrafish retina","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, J., Pu, C., Yang, E., Zhang, H., Feng, Y., Luo, P., Yang, Y., Zhang, L., Li, X., and Jiang, X. (2023). Macrophage\/Microglia Sirt3 Contributes to the Anti-inflammatory Effects of Resveratrol Against Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice. Cell Mol. Neurobiol., Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-023-01325-9"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111473","article-title":"Anthocyanin-rich blueberry extracts and anthocyanin metabolite protocatechuic acid promote autophagy-lysosomal pathway and alleviate neurons damage in in vivo and in vitro models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"93","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osada, H., Okamoto, T., Kawashima, H., Toda, E., Miyake, S., Nagai, N., Kobayashi, S., Tsubota, K., and Ozawa, Y. (2017). Neuroprotective effect of bilberry extract in a murine model of photo-stressed retina. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178627"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22395","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules201219785","article-title":"Retinoprotective Effects of Bilberry Anthocyanins via Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Apoptotic Mechanisms in a Visible Light-Induced Retinal Degeneration Model in Pigmented Rabbits","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2022.11533","article-title":"Curcumin activates autophagy and attenuates high glucose-induced apoptosis in HUVECs through the ROS\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"24","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Algan, A.H., Gungor-Ak, A., and Karatas, A. (2022). Nanoscale Delivery Systems of Lutein: An Updated Review from a Pharmaceutical Perspective. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14091852"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuac076","article-title":"Potential roles of dietary zeaxanthin and lutein in macular health and function","volume":"81","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-022-00522-x","article-title":"Superior Bioavailability of a Novel Lutein and Zeaxanthin Formulation in Healthy Human Subjects","volume":"11","author":"Kotagiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mrowicka, M., Mrowicki, J., Kucharska, E., and Majsterek, I. (2022). Lutein and Zeaxanthin and Their Roles in Age-Related Macular Degeneration-Neurodegenerative Disease. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14040827"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, L.H.C., Fung, F.K.C., Lai, A.K.W., Wong, I.Y.H., Shih, K.C., and Lo, A.C.Y. (2021). Autophagic Upregulation Is Cytoprotective in Ischemia\/Reperfusion-Injured Retina and Retinal Progenitor Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168446"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27488-x","article-title":"Epithelial phenotype restoring drugs suppress macular degeneration phenotypes in an iPSC model","volume":"12","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e759","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.759","article-title":"Activation of autophagy reverses progressive and deleterious protein aggregation in PRPF31 patient-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium cells","volume":"12","author":"Georgiou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-018-0176-2","article-title":"Mechanisms of mitophagy in cellular homeostasis, physiology and pathology","volume":"20","author":"Palikaras","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2021.1991913","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of PGC-1\u03b1 in age-related macular degeneration (AMD)\u2014the involvement of mitochondrial quality control, autophagy, and antioxidant response","volume":"25","author":"Hyttinen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Target."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2022.115139","article-title":"Resveratrol induces autophagy impeding BAFF-stimulated B-cell proliferation and survival by inhibiting the Akt\/mTOR pathway","volume":"202","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2022.2062888","article-title":"Starvation after infection restricts enterovirus D68 replication","volume":"19","author":"Jassey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Josifovska, N., Albert, R., Nagymih\u00e1ly, R., Lytvynchuk, L., Moe, M.C., Kaarniranta, K., Ver\u00e9b, Z.J., and Petrovski, G. (2020). Resveratrol as Inducer of Autophagy, Pro-Survival, and Anti-Inflammatory Stimuli in Cultured Human RPE Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21030813"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, W.H., Dai, D.K., Zheng, B.Z., Duan, R., Dong, T.T., Qin, Q.W., and Tsim, K.W. (2020). Piceatannol, a Natural Analog of Resveratrol, Exerts Anti-angiogenic Efficiencies by Blockage of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Binding to Its Receptor. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25173769"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Surya, K., Manickam, N., Jayachandran, K.S., Kandasamy, M., and Anusuyadevi, M. (2022). Resveratrol Mediated Regulation of Hippocampal Neuroregenerative Plasticity via SIRT1 Pathway in Synergy with Wnt Signaling: Neurotherapeutic Implications to Mitigate Memory Loss in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. J. Alzheimers Dis, 1\u201317. Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220559"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5810373","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5810373","article-title":"Review of Evidence for the Usage of Antioxidants for Eye Aging","volume":"2022","author":"Choo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2012.07.006","article-title":"Anthocyanin-enriched bilberry and blackcurrant extracts modulate amyloid precursor protein processing and alleviate behavioral abnormalities in the APP\/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Koivisto","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.21037\/apm.2020.03.38","article-title":"Blueberry polyphenols play a preventive effect on alcoholic fatty liver disease C57BL\/6 J mice by promoting autophagy to accelerate lipolysis to eliminate excessive TG accumulation in hepatocytes","volume":"9","author":"Zhuge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"621","article-title":"Bilberry extract and anthocyanins suppress unfolded protein response induced by exposure to blue LED light of cells in photoreceptor cell line","volume":"24","author":"Ooe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2014.979319","article-title":"Vaccinium myrtillus extract prevents or delays the onset of diabetes--induced blood-retinal barrier breakdown","volume":"66","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6886","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.28068","article-title":"Curcumin: A new candidate for retinal disease therapy?","volume":"120","author":"Farajipour","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.106.033167","article-title":"Evidence that curcumin suppresses the growth of malignant gliomas in vitro and in vivo through induction of autophagy: Role of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways","volume":"72","author":"Aoki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.4916","article-title":"Roles of the Akt\/mTOR\/p70S6K and ERK1\/2 signaling pathways in curcumin-induced autophagy","volume":"3","author":"Shinojima","year":"2007","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Limanaqi, F., Biagioni, F., Busceti, C.L., Ryskalin, L., Polzella, M., Frati, A., and Fornai, F. (2019). Phytochemicals Bridging Autophagy Induction and Alpha-Synuclein Degradation in Parkinsonism. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133274"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryskalin, L., Biagioni, F., Busceti, C.L., Lazzeri, G., Frati, A., and Fornai, F. (2020). The Multi-Faceted Effect of Curcumin in Glioblastoma from Rescuing Cell Clearance to Autophagy-Independent Effects. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25204839"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryskalin, L., Puglisi-Allegra, S., Lazzeri, G., Biagioni, F., Busceti, C.L., Balestrini, L., Fornasiero, A., Leone, S., Pompili, E., and Ferrucci, M. (2021). Neuroprotective Effects of Curcumin in Methamphetamine-Induced Toxicity. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26092493"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23193","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.23193","article-title":"Curcumin attenuates Cr (VI)-induced cell growth and migration by targeting autophagy-dependent reprogrammed metabolism","volume":"36","author":"Dlamini","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-22-3178","article-title":"A narrative review of the protective effects of curcumin in treating ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"10","author":"Teng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05542-0","article-title":"Role of Curcumin in Retinal Diseases-A review","volume":"260","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Graefes. Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8923615","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8923615","article-title":"Protective Effect of Curcuma Extract in an Ex Vivo Model of Retinal Degeneration via Antioxidant Activity and Targeting the SUMOylation","volume":"2022","author":"Hassanzadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"1191","article-title":"Curcuma-Based Nutritional Supplement in Patients with Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"24","author":"Allegrini","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allegrini, D., Raimondi, R., Borgia, A., Sorrentino, T., Montesano, G., Tsoutsanis, P., Cancian, G., Verma, Y., De Rosa, F.P., and Romano, M.R. (2022). Curcumin in Retinal Diseases: A Comprehensive Review from Bench to Bedside. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073557"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2022.5135","article-title":"Curcumin and Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling in exudative age-related macular degeneration (Review)","volume":"49","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, M.Y., Blazes, M.S., and Lee, C.S. (2023). Imaging Amyloid and Tau in the Retina: Current Research and Future Directions. J. Neuroophthalmol., Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001786"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.8.10","article-title":"Using Advanced Bioinformatics Tools to Identify Novel Therapeutic Candidates for Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"11","author":"Nadeem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-46401-5_3","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin","volume":"595","author":"Menon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2008.06.010","article-title":"Potential therapeutic effects of curcumin, the anti-inflammatory agent, against neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases","volume":"41","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.2174\/138945011794815356","article-title":"The targets of curcumin","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Target."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.2174\/1567202617666200225122620","article-title":"Curcumin Attenuates Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion Injury Through Regulating Mitophagy and Preserving Mitochondrial Function","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Neurovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khater, S.I., Dowidar, M.F., Abdel-Aziz, A.E., Khamis, T., Dahran, N., Alqahtani, L.S., Metwally, M.M.M., Al-Hady Abd-Elrahamn, A.S., Alsieni, M., and Alosaimi, M.E. (2022). \u03b2-Cell Autophagy Pathway and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Regulating-Role of Liposomal Curcumin in Experimental Diabetes Mellitus: A Molecular and Morphometric Study. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11122400"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022821","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.1022821","article-title":"The emerging role of autophagy and mitophagy in tauopathies: From pathogenesis to translational implications in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-012-0785-z","article-title":"Role of autophagy inhibitors and inducers in modulating the toxicity of trimethyltin in neuronal cell cultures","volume":"119","author":"Fabrizi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neural. Transm."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.11.044","article-title":"Rapamycin inhibits the growth of glioblastoma","volume":"1495","author":"Arcella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6124745","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6124745","article-title":"mTOR Modulates Methamphetamine-Induced Toxicity through Cell Clearing Systems","volume":"2018","author":"Lazzeri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walters, H.E., and Cox, L.S. (2018). mTORC Inhibitors as Broad-Spectrum Therapeutics for Age-Related Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201806.0056.v1"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thellung, S., Corsaro, A., Nizzari, M., Barbieri, F., and Florio, T. (2019). Autophagy Activator Drugs: A New Opportunity in Neuroprotection from Misfolded Protein Toxicity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20040901"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muangnoi, C., Sharif, U., Ratnatilaka Na Bhuket, P., Rojsitthisak, P., and Paraoan, L. (2019). Protective Effects of Curcumin Ester Prodrug, Curcumin Diethyl Disuccinate against H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells: Potential Therapeutic Avenues for Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133367"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00191","article-title":"The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells for macular degeneration as a drug screening platform: Identification of curcumin as a protective agent for retinal pigment epithelial cells against oxidative stress","volume":"6","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_168","first-page":"1","article-title":"Combined pulses of light and sound in the retina with nutraceuticals may enhance the recovery of foveal holes","volume":"160","author":"Pinelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Ital. Biol."},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"115","article-title":"The potential effects of nutrients and light on autophagy-mediated visual function and clearance of retinal aggregates","volume":"160","author":"Pinelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Ital. Biol."},{"key":"ref_170","first-page":"134","article-title":"The neurobiology of nutraceuticals combined with light exposure, a case report in the course of retinal degeneration","volume":"159","author":"Pinelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Ital. Biol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770734","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.770734","article-title":"Improvement of the Biosynthesis of Resveratrol in Endophytic Fungus (Alternaria sp. MG1) by the Synergistic Effect of UV Light and Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bajwa, M.N., Khanum, M., Zaman, G., Ullah, M.A., Farooq, U., Waqas, M., Ahmad, N., Hano, C., and Abbasi, B.H. (2023). Effect of Wide-Spectrum Monochromatic Lights on Growth, Phytochemistry, Nutraceuticals, and Antioxidant Potential of In Vitro Callus Cultures of Moringa oleifera. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031497"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morello, V., Brousseau, V.D., Wu, N., Wu, B.S., MacPherson, S., and Lefsrud, M. (2022). Light Quality Impacts Vertical Growth Rate, Phytochemical Yield and Cannabinoid Production Efficiency in Cannabis sativa. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11212982"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.117104","article-title":"Ahmed Arif S. Xanthophyll: Health benefits and therapeutic insights","volume":"240","author":"Aziz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00655","article-title":"On the Developmental and Environmental Regulation of Secondary Metabolism in Vaccinium spp. Berries","volume":"7","author":"Karppinen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.240","article-title":"Genome-wide analysis of autophagy-related gene family and PagATG18a enhances salt tolerance by regulating ROS homeostasis in poplar","volume":"224","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_177","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pexophagy in plants: A mechanism to remit cells from oxidative damage caused under high-intensity light","volume":"9","author":"Oikawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autophagy"}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/12\/6\/1183\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:45:05Z","timestamp":1760125505000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/12\/6\/1183"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"references-count":177,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox12061183"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox12061183","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]}}}