{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:31:30Z","timestamp":1787027490137,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,3]],"date-time":"2023-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"faculty of Medicine at the RWTH Aachen University","award":["189341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["189341"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["189341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["189341"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ARVO Foundation for Eye Research","award":["189341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["189341"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxidative stress (OS) is involved in the pathogenesis of retinal neurodegenerative diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) and an important target of therapeutic treatments. New therapeutics are tested in vivo despite limits in terms of transferability and ethical concerns. Retina cultures using human tissue can deliver critical information and significantly reduce the number of animal experiments along with increased transferability. We cultured up to 32 retina samples derived from one eye, analyzed the model\u2019s quality, induced OS, and tested the efficiency of antioxidative therapeutics. Bovine, porcine, rat, and human retinae were cultured in different experimental settings for 3\u201314 d. OS was induced by a high amount of glucose or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and treated with scutellarin, pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), and\/or granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The tissue morphology, cell viability, inflammation, and glutathione level were determined. The retina samples showed only moderate necrosis (23.83 \u00b1 5.05 increased to 27.00 \u00b1 1.66 AU PI-staining over 14 d) after 14 days in culture. OS was successfully induced (reduced ATP content of 288.3 \u00b1 59.9 vs. 435.7 \u00b1 166.8 nM ATP in the controls) and the antioxidants reduced OS-induced apoptosis (from 124.20 \u00b1 51.09 to 60.80 \u00b1 319.66 cells\/image after the scutellarin treatment). Enhanced mammalian animal and human retina cultures enable reliable, highly transferable research on OS-triggered age-related diseases and pre-clinical testing during drug development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12061211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T01:53:25Z","timestamp":1685930005000},"page":"1211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Mammalian Animal and Human Retinal Organ Culture as Pre-Clinical Model to Evaluate Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Intraocular Therapeutics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6861-5851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Kropp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Ophthalmology, University of Geneva,1205 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohit","family":"Mohit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Ophthalmology, University of Geneva,1205 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina Ioana","family":"Leroy-Ciocanea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pital Priv\u00e9 La Louvi\u00e8re, 59042 Lille, France"},{"name":"Cabinet Ophtalmologie S\u00e9bastopol, 59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Schwerm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Rheinisch-Westf\u00e4lische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2644-5879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Harmening","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Ophthalmology, University of Geneva,1205 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3011-2201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thais","family":"Bascuas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Ophthalmology, University of Geneva,1205 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5043-5999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eline","family":"De Clerck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Ophthalmology, University of Geneva,1205 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas J.","family":"Kreis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Ophthalmology, University of Geneva,1205 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1987-6232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bojan","family":"Pajic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Ophthalmology, University of Geneva,1205 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Eye Clinic ORASIS, Swiss Eye Research Foundation, 5734 Reinach, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0028-2557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Johnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Rheinisch-Westf\u00e4lische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Thumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Ophthalmology, University of Geneva,1205 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, 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