{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:14:03Z","timestamp":1791216843420,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,4]],"date-time":"2023-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a set of conditions resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). FASD is estimated to affect between 2% and 5% of people in the United States and Western Europe. The exact teratogenic mechanism of alcohol on fetal development is still unclear. Ethanol (EtOH) contributes to the malfunctioning of the neurological system in children exposed in utero by decreasing glutathione peroxidase action, with an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which causes oxidative stress. We report a case of a mother with declared alcohol abuse and cigarette smoking during pregnancy. By analyzing the ethyl glucuronide (EtG, a metabolite of alcohol) and the nicotine\/cotinine in the mother\u2019s hair and meconium, we confirmed the alcohol and smoking abuse magnitude. We also found that the mother during pregnancy was a cocaine abuser. As a result, her newborn was diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). At the time of the delivery, the mother, but not the newborn, had an elevation in oxidative stress. However, the infant, a few days later, displayed marked potentiation in oxidative stress. The clinical complexity of the events involving the infant was presented and discussed, underlining also the importance that for cases of FASD, it is crucial to have more intensive hospital monitoring and controls during the initial days.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12061216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T01:53:25Z","timestamp":1685930005000},"page":"1216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Oxidative Stress in a Mother Consuming Alcohol during Pregnancy and in Her Newborn: A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Martina","family":"Derme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Piccioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Brunelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4860-251X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba","family":"Crognale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4886-3378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marika","family":"Denotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Ciolli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debora","family":"Scomparin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5958-9364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Tarani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7020-1471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Paparella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3541-2876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Terrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6916-7800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Di Chiara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9051-4018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Mattia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Della Pubblica Sicurezza, Direzione Centrale di Sanit\u00e0, Centro di Ricerche e Laboratorio di Tossicologia Forense, Ministero dell\u2019Interno, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Nicotera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Della Pubblica Sicurezza, Direzione Centrale di Sanit\u00e0, Centro di Ricerche e Laboratorio di Tossicologia Forense, Ministero dell\u2019Interno, 00185 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Salomone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9981-8715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Ceccanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SITAC, Societ\u00e0 Italiana per il Trattamento Dell\u2019alcolismo e le sue Complicanze, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisa Patrizia","family":"Messina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0127-4225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nunzia La","family":"Maida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6129-4071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giampiero","family":"Ferraguti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0651-1816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Petrella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC-CNR), Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6806-9715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Fiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC-CNR), Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1040302","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Canadian guidelines for diagnosis","volume":"172","author":"Chudley","year":"2005","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2006.06.016","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: A practical clinical approach to diagnosis","volume":"31","author":"Manning","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NPR.0000488709.67444.92","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Prevention, identification, and intervention","volume":"41","author":"Walker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nurse Pract."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"e159","article-title":"College students\u2019 knowledge about Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder","volume":"21","author":"Brems","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Popul. Ther. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.1919","article-title":"Global prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder among children and youth: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"171","author":"Lange","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20154256","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4256","article-title":"Updated clinical guidelines for diagnosing fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"138","author":"Hoyme","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13135","article-title":"An Update on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome\u2014Pathogenesis, Risks, and Treatment","volume":"40","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2012.57","article-title":"Prenatal alcohol exposure, blood alcohol concentrations and alcohol elimination rates for the mother, fetus and newborn","volume":"32","author":"Burd","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-8329(85)90057-6","article-title":"Acetaldehyde and alcohol levels in pregnant rats and their fetuses","volume":"2","author":"Guerri","year":"1985","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(82)80094-6","article-title":"Experimental studies on the influence of male alcoholism on fetal development","volume":"4","author":"Tanaka","year":"1982","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(71)90187-1","article-title":"Metabolism of ethanol and acetaldehyde in perfused human fetal liver","volume":"10","author":"Pikkarainen","year":"1971","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a008245","article-title":"The teratogenic effects of alcohol following exposure during pregnancy, and its influence on the chromosome constitution of the pre-ovulatory egg","volume":"32","author":"Kaufman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Micangeli, G., Menghi, M., Profeta, G., Tarani, F., Mariani, A., Petrella, C., Barbato, C., Ferraguti, G., Ceccanti, M., and Tarani, L. (2022). The Impact of Oxidative Stress on Pediatrics Syndromes. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11101983"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527320666211201154839","article-title":"Markers of Neuroinflammation in the Serum of Prepubertal Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders","volume":"21","author":"Fiore","year":"2022","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord.-Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.12.087","article-title":"Oxidant and antioxidant balance in the airways and airway diseases","volume":"533","author":"Rahman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01007.x","article-title":"Stage-Dependent Effects of Ethanol on Cranial Neural Crest Cell Development: Partial Basis for the Phenotypic Variations Observed in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Cartwright","year":"1995","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000128228.08472.39","article-title":"Prenatal alcohol exposure causes long-term serotonin neuron deficit in mice","volume":"28","author":"Sari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3319","article-title":"Prevalence and Characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders","volume":"134","author":"May","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040600646854","article-title":"Neurobehavioral functioning in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder","volume":"12","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"359","article-title":"Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD): Neurobehavioral profile, indications for diagnosis and treatment","volume":"48","author":"Coriale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rivista di Psichiatria"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1395","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-3113","article-title":"Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders","volume":"136","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"97","article-title":"Advances in diagnosis and treatment of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: From animal models to human studies","volume":"37","author":"Murawski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alcohol Res. Curr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487319874530","article-title":"Parental alcohol consumption and the risk of congenital heart diseases in offspring: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1158","article-title":"Transgenerational Abnormalities Induced by Paternal Preconceptual Alcohol Drinking. Findings from Humans and Animal Models","volume":"19","author":"Terracina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., Qiu, H., Qu, P., Zhang, R., Zeng, L., and Yan, H. (2015). Prenatal alcohol exposure and congenital heart defects: A meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130681"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-017-0104-0","article-title":"Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Characteristics, Complications, and Treatment","volume":"53","author":"Wilhoit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Community Ment. Health J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ojeda, M.L., Nogales, F., Romero-Herrera, I., and Carreras, O. (2021). Fetal programming is deeply related to maternal selenium status and oxidative balance; experimental offspring health repercussions. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062085"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Himmelreich, M., Lutke, C.J., and Hargrove, E.T. (2020). The Routledge Handbook of Social Work and Addictive Behaviors, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s13224-016-0938-3","article-title":"Oligoamnios and Perinatal Outcome","volume":"67","author":"Panda","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynecol. India"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, M., Zhou, X., Tan, X., Huang, X., Yuan, L., Zhang, Z., Yang, Y., Xu, M., Wan, Y., and Li, Z. (2022). The Status of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Alcohol Dependence: A Meta-Analysis. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11101919"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d601","DOI":"10.2741\/mcdonoug","article-title":"The role of alcohol in the oxidant antioxidant balance in heart","volume":"4","author":"McDonough","year":"1999","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"CD004454","article-title":"Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth","volume":"3","author":"Roberts","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.13190","article-title":"Perinatal morbidity and mortality in early-onset fetal growth restriction: Cohort outcomes of the trial of randomized umbilical and fetal flow in Europe (TRUFFLE)","volume":"42","author":"Lees","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"383","article-title":"Oxidative stress tests: Overview on reliability and use. Part II","volume":"11","author":"Palmieri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopatynska-mazurek, M., Komsta, L., Gibula-tarlowska, E., and Kotlinska, J.H. (2021). Aversive learning deficits and depressive-like behaviors are accompanied by an increase in oxidative stress in a rat model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: The protective effect of rapamycin. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22137083"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.110783","article-title":"Oxidative stress inhibition by resveratrol in alcohol-dependent mice","volume":"79\u201380","author":"Petrella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858205","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2022.858205","article-title":"Development and Validation of a GC-EI-MS\/MS Method for Ethyl Glucuronide Quantification in Human Hair","volume":"10","author":"Mattia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12724","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12724","article-title":"Fetus morphology changes by second-trimester ultrasound in pregnant women drinking alcohol","volume":"25","author":"Ferraguti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3125","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867328666211125100329","article-title":"Urinary Ethyl Glucuronide for the Assessment of Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy: Comparison between Biochemical Data and Screening Questionnaires","volume":"29","author":"Ceci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2019.06.040","article-title":"Sensitive and reliable gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay for ethyl glucuronide in neonatal meconium","volume":"175","author":"Mannocchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"American Academy of Forensic Science (2023, May 23). Standard Practices for Method Validation in Forensic Toxicology. Available online: https:\/\/www.aafs.org\/asb-standard\/standard-practices-method-validation-forensic-toxicology."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.100944","article-title":"Reduced prevalence of fetal exposure to alcohol in Italy: A nationwide survey","volume":"5","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"3","article-title":"Effects of prenatal or postnatal ethanol consumption on zinc intestinal absorption and excretion in rats","volume":"42","author":"Artillo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"41","article-title":"The drug-exposed mother and infant: A regional center experience","volume":"12","author":"Zaichkin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neonatal Netw."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81371-X","article-title":"Effects of alcohol use, smoking, and illicit drug use on fetal growth in black infants","volume":"124","author":"Jacobson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"973S","article-title":"Relationships of serum illicit drug concentrations during pregnancy to maternal nutritional status","volume":"124","author":"Knight","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8223(94)92193-8","article-title":"Growth patterns of infants exposed to cocaine and other drugs in utero","volume":"94","author":"Harsham","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"27","article-title":"Neonatal drug exposure: Assessing a specific population and services provided by visiting nurses","volume":"25","author":"Mahony","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14980","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to alcohol impairs responses of cerebral arterioles to activation of potassium channels: Role of oxidative stress","volume":"47","author":"Saha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v43.1.02","article-title":"Reducing Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and the Incidence of FASD: Is the Past Prologue?","volume":"43","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alcohol Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000862","article-title":"Current considerations for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Identification to intervention","volume":"36","author":"Glass","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2023.01.004","article-title":"Epigenetics in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder","volume":"197","author":"Basavarajappa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popova, S., Dozet, D., Shield, K., Rehm, J., and Burd, L. (2021). Alcohol\u2019s impact on the fetus. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103452"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nutt, D., Hayes, A., Fonville, L., Zafar, R., Palmer, E.O.C., Paterson, L., and Lingford-Hughes, A. (2021). Alcohol and the brain. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113938"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2022.104354","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in health, justice, and education professionals: A systematic review","volume":"131","author":"McCormack","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00420-x","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"9","author":"Popova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1139\/bcb-2017-0085","article-title":"Postnatal nutritional treatment of neurocognitive deficits in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder","volume":"96","author":"Astals","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23278","DOI":"10.1002\/dvg.23278","article-title":"Insights into retinoic acid deficiency and the induction of craniofacial malformations and microcephaly in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder","volume":"57","author":"Petrelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genesis"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2022.03.009","article-title":"Blood brain barrier as an interface for alcohol induced neurotoxicity during development","volume":"90","author":"Siqueira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmg.2016.10.004","article-title":"A review of the physical features of the fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"60","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77A","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01736.x","article-title":"Ethanol-induced oxidative stress in the liver","volume":"20","author":"Kurose","year":"1996","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bukiya, A.N. (2019). Fetal cerebral artery mitochondrion as target of prenatal alcohol exposure. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16091586"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000177669.29525.78","article-title":"Mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species dilate cerebral arteries by activating Ca2+ sparks","volume":"97","author":"Xi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00806","article-title":"Oxidative stress: A major player in cerebrovascular alterations associated to neurodegenerative events","volume":"9","author":"Carvalho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.08.018","article-title":"Alcohol as an early life stressor: Epigenetics, metabolic, neuroendocrine and neurobehavioral implications","volume":"118","author":"Ferraguti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X15666170825101308","article-title":"NGF and BDNF Alterations by Prenatal Alcohol Exposure","volume":"17","author":"Carito","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2016.10.008","article-title":"Neurotrophins in the Brain: Interaction With Alcohol Exposure During Development","volume":"104","author":"Boschen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.01.046","article-title":"Role of neurotrophins in pregnancy, delivery and postpartum","volume":"247","author":"Ceccanti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/12\/6\/1216\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:48:04Z","timestamp":1760125684000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/12\/6\/1216"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,4]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox12061216"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox12061216","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,4]]}}}