{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T03:27:32Z","timestamp":1789788452925,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica. Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo","award":["2.16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2.16"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Secondary metabolites such as flavonoids are promising in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is one of the complications of diabetes due to oxidative stress and inflammation. Some plants, such as Eryngium carlinae, have been investigated regarding their medicinal properties in in vitro and in vivo assays, showing favorable results for the treatment of various diseases such as diabetes and obesity. The present study examined the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the phenolic compounds present in an ethyl acetate extract of the inflorescences of Eryngium carlinae on liver homogenates and mitochondria from streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by UHPLC-MS. In vitro assays were carried out to discover the antioxidant potential of the extract. Male Wistar rats were administered with a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (45 mg\/kg) and were given the ethyl acetate extract at a level of 30 mg\/kg for 60 days. Phytochemical assays showed that the major constituents of the extract were flavonoids; in addition, the in vitro antioxidant activity was dose dependent with IC50 = 57.97 mg\/mL and IC50 = 30.90 mg\/mL in the DPPH and FRAP assays, respectively. Moreover, the oral administration of the ethyl acetate extract improved the effects of NAFLD, decreasing serum and liver triacylglycerides (TG) levels and oxidative stress markers and increasing the activity of the antioxidant enzymes. Likewise, it attenuated liver damage by decreasing the expression of NF-\u03baB and iNOS, which lead to inflammation and liver damage. We hypothesize that solvent polarity and consequently chemical composition of the ethyl acetate extract of E. carlinae, exert the beneficial effects due to phenolic compounds. These results suggest that the phenolic compounds of the ethyl acetate extract of E. carlinae have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, and hepatoprotective activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12061235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T01:34:32Z","timestamp":1686188072000},"page":"1235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["An Ethyl Acetate Extract of Eryngium carlinae Inflorescences Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Liver of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Cristian M.","family":"Trejo-Hurtado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmico Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinthia I.","family":"Landa-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmico Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenaro Lemus-de","family":"la Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmico Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5802-488X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donovan J.","family":"Pe\u00f1a-Montes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmico Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7569-1358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Montoya-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmico Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5920-6562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Salgado-Garciglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmico Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvador","family":"Manzo-Avalos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmico Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4850-772X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Cort\u00e9s-Rojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmico Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2394-0524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Luis","family":"Monribot-Villanueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Cl\u00faster BioMimic\u00ae, Instituto de Ecolog\u00eda, A.C., Xalapa 91073, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0998-757X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Guerrero-Analco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Cl\u00faster BioMimic\u00ae, Instituto de Ecolog\u00eda, A.C., Xalapa 91073, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0811-2950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Saavedra-Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmico Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2015.03.013","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress\u2014A concise review","volume":"24","author":"Ullah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.18295\/squmj.2016.16.02.002","article-title":"Mechanisms of diabetes-induced liver damage: The role of oxidative stress and inflammation","volume":"16","author":"Mohamed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3313","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2860-6","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of hepatic lipid accumulation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"75","author":"Lykkesfeldt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2472-1891.100010","article-title":"Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Clinician\u2019s Perspective","volume":"1","author":"Kashanian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2019.0034","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetes: Part II: Treatment","volume":"43","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.172922","article-title":"Natural alkaloid and polyphenol compounds targeting lipid metabolism: Treatment implications in metabolic diseases","volume":"870","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"554","article-title":"Toward nonalcoholic fatty liver treatment; a review on herbal medicine treatment","volume":"7","author":"Mohammadipour","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Crit. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"CIRPAC, and INIFAP (2006). Cat\u00e1logo de Plantas Medicinales de la Comunidad Ind\u00edgena Nuevo San Juan Parangaricutiro, Michoac\u00e1n, M\u00e9xico, SciELO Analytics."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Saavedra-Molina, A., Salgado-Garciglia, R., Noriega-Cisneros, R., Esquivel-Guti\u00e9rrez, E.R., Manzo-Avalos, S., Cort\u00e9s-Rojo, C., and Montoya-P\u00e9rez, R. (2014). Reactive Oxygen Species, Lipid Peroxidation and Protein Oxidation, Nova Science Publisher, INC."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"827","article-title":"Eryngium carlinae Ethanol Extract Corrects Lipid Abnormalities in Wistar Rats with Experimental Diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Huerta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3176232","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3176232","article-title":"The Hypocholesterolemic Effects of Eryngium carlinae F. Delaroche Are Mediated by the Involvement of the Intestinal Transporters ABCG5 and ABCG8","volume":"2017","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.11.024","article-title":"Modulation of renal dysfunction by Smilax cordifolia and Eryngium carlinae, and their effect on kidney proteome in obese rats","volume":"20","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1a-Montes, D.J., Huerta-Cervantes, M., R\u00edos-Silva, M., Trujillo, X., Huerta, M., Noriega-Cisneros, R., Salgado-Garciglia, R., and Saavedra-Molina, A. (2019). Protective effect of the hexanic extract of Eryngium carlinae inflorescences in vitro, in yeast, and in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8030073"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"308","article-title":"Antioxidant Effects of Eryngium carlinae in Diabetic Rats","volume":"6","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113406","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of an ethanol extract from the aerial parts of Eryngium carlinae F. Delaroche (Apiaceae)","volume":"266","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2014.952399","article-title":"The potential of flavonoids in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"57","author":"Koek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.4103\/2225-4110.110411","article-title":"Recent advances in the herbal treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"3","author":"Xiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00601","article-title":"Herbal Medicine in the Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases-Efficacy, Action Mechanism, and Clinical Application","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(02)00423-5","article-title":"Antioxidant capacity of phenolic phytochemicals from various cultivars of plums","volume":"81","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1038","article-title":"Estimation of total Terpenoids concentration in plant tissues using a monoterpene, Linalool as standard reagent","volume":"5","author":"Ghorai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Protoc. Exch."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"202","article-title":"Phytochemical characterization of Izote (Yucca elephantipes) flowers","volume":"91","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bot. Food Qual."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.01.136","article-title":"Endorsing and extending the repertory of nutraceutical and antioxidant sources in mangoes during postharvest shelf life","volume":"285","author":"Aluja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1038\/1811199a0","article-title":"Antioxidant Determinations by the Use of a Stable Free Radical","volume":"181","author":"Blois","year":"1958","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.3329\/bjp.v11i3.27663","article-title":"Ferric reducing anti-oxidant power assay in plant extract","volume":"11","author":"Vijayalakshmi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bangladesh J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01373009","article-title":"Effect of extra- and intra-mitochondrial calcium on citrulline synthesis","volume":"12","author":"Devlin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1034","article-title":"The hypotriglyceridemic effect of biotin supplementation involves increased levels of cGMP and AMPK activation","volume":"38","year":"2012","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s10863-015-9614-z","article-title":"Protective effects of dietary avocado oil on impaired electron transport chain function and exacerbated oxidative stress in liver mitochondria from diabetic rats","volume":"47","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bioenerg. Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(78)52032-6","article-title":"Microsomal Lipid Peroxidation","volume":"52","author":"Buege","year":"1978","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.1120240206","article-title":"Catalase activity in human spermatozoa and seminal plasma","volume":"24","author":"Jeulin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gamete Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s10863-009-9200-3","article-title":"Elucidation of the effects of lipoperoxidation on the mitochondrial electron transport chain using yeast mitochondria with manipulated fatty acid content","volume":"41","author":"Bolgogh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bioenerg. Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2020.07.001","article-title":"Effects of dietary iron restriction on kidney mitochondria function and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-diabetic rats","volume":"54","author":"Trujillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s40199-015-0136-3","article-title":"Blessings in disguise: A review of phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity of plants belonging to the genus Eryngium","volume":"23","author":"Erdem","year":"2015","journal-title":"DARU J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.56499\/jppres19.655_8.1.18","article-title":"In vitro antioxidant capacity and phytochemical characterization of Eryngium kotschyi Boiss","volume":"8","author":"Fatullayev","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacogn. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2910","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-018-3209-8","article-title":"Chemical characterization, in vitro biological activity of essential oils and extracts of three Eryngium L. species and molecular docking of selected major compounds","volume":"55","author":"Marin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kikowska, M., Chanaj-Kaczmarek, J., Derda, M., Budzianowska, A., Thiem, B., Ekiert, H., and Szopa, A. (2022). The Evaluation of Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids Content and Antiprotozoal Activity of Eryngium Species Biomass Produced by Biotechnological Methods. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27020363"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162750","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/162750","article-title":"Chemistry and Biological Activities of Flavonoids: An Overview","volume":"2013","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13394","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13394","article-title":"Concep, mechanism, and applications of phenolic antioxidants in foods","volume":"44","author":"Zeb","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"24","article-title":"Biological Activity of Extracts and Essential Oils of Two Eryngium (Apiaceae) Species from the Balkan Peninsula","volume":"58","author":"Marin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Med. Median."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bibi, N., Shah, M.H., Khan, N., Al-Hashimi, A., and Elshikh, M.S. (2022). Variations in Total Phenolic, Total Flavonoid Contents, and Free Radicals \u2019 Scavenging Potential of Onion Varieties Planted. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11070950"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Lal, S.B. (2016). Public Health Environment and Social Issues in India, S\u00e9riales Publication. Chapter 5."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-019-1136-3","article-title":"Triglycerides: Emerging Targets in Diabetes Care? Review of Moderate Hypertriglyceridemia in Diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Alexopoulos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"603501","article-title":"Hypolipidemic activity of Eryngium carlinae on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"2012","author":"Boldogh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12560","article-title":"Phytosterols and their derivatives: Potential health-promoting uses against lipid metabolism and associated diseases, mechanism, and safety issues","volume":"19","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murillo-Villica\u00f1a, M., Noriega-Cisneros, R., Pe\u00f1a-Montes, J.D., Huerta-Cervantes, M., Aguilera-M\u00e9ndez, A., Cort\u00e9s-Rojo, C., Salgado-Garciglia, R., Montoya-P\u00e9rez, R., Riveros-Rosas, H., and Saavedra-Molina, A. (2022). Antilidemic and hepatoprotective effects of ethanol extract of Justicia spicigera in steptozotocin diabetic rats. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091946"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nyandwi, J.B., Ko, Y.S., Jin, H., Yun, S.P., Park, S.W., and Kim, H.J. (2021). Rosmarinic acid exhibits a lipid-lowering effect by modulating the expression of reverse cholesterol transporters and lipid metabolism in high-fat diet-fed mice. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11101470"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M., Yoo, G., Randy, A., Son, Y.J., Hong, C.R., Kim, S.M., and Nho, C.W. (2020). Lemon balm and its constituent, rosmarinic acid, alleviate liver damage in an animal model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041166"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"544","article-title":"Esteatosis hep\u00e1tica no alcoh\u00f3lica: Una enfermedad silente","volume":"56","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Inst. Mex. Seguro Soc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111326","article-title":"New insight and potential therapy for NAFLD: CYP2E1 and flavonoids","volume":"137","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.05.120","article-title":"Naringin attenuates liver damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"105","author":"Plavnik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00483","article-title":"Hepatoprotective and Anti-Oxidative Effects of Total Flavonoids From Qu Zhi Qiao (Fruit of Citrus Paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) on Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis In Vivo and In Vitro through Nrf2-ARE Signaling Pathway","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0012.7188","article-title":"The evolving role of liver biopsy in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"17","author":"Arab","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2020.11175","article-title":"Diabetic-induced alterations in hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism: The role of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review)","volume":"22","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.025","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"152","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-022-01378-2","article-title":"Biomedical features and therapeutic potential of rosmarinic acid","volume":"45","author":"Noor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2011.08.011","article-title":"The natural antioxidant rosmarinic acid spontaneously penetrates membranes to inhibit lipid peroxidation in situ","volume":"1808","author":"Fadel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2011.08.005","article-title":"Effects of resveratrol on biomarkers of oxidative stress and on the activity of delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in liver and kidney of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"94","author":"Schmatz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rosmarinic acid exerts anti-inflammatory effect and relieves oxidative stress via Nrf2 activation in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage","volume":"1","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2007.07.011","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in rat with nonalcoholic fatty liver Involvement of complex I, reactive oxygen species and cardiolipin","volume":"1767","author":"Petrosillo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2004.1107.x","article-title":"Effect of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes on Rat Brain Mitochondria","volume":"16","author":"Moreira","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2013.03.009","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of superoxide production by complex III: A bacterial versus human mitochondrial comparative case study","volume":"1827","author":"Lanciano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6228","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2008.300","article-title":"NF-\u03baB signaling, liver disease and hepatoprotective agents","volume":"27","author":"Sun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0300060521997590","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060521997590","article-title":"Role of TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB signaling in heart and liver-related complications in a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"49","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/10799893.2021.1905665","article-title":"SIRT1\/NF \u03ba B pathway mediates anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of rosmarinic acid on in a mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"42","author":"Bassirian","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Recept. Signal Transduct."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.06.017","article-title":"Activation of PPAR\u03b3 by a Natural Flavonoid Modulator, Apigenin Ameliorates Obesity-Related Inflammation Via Regulation of Macrophage Polarization","volume":"9","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8162421","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8162421","article-title":"The Role of Tissue Macrophage-Mediated Inflammation on NAFLD Pathogenesis and Its Clinical Implications","volume":"2017","author":"Alisi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1263(200005\/06)20:3<189::AID-JAT632>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Regulation of nitric oxide synthesis in the liver","volume":"20","author":"Muriel","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/12\/6\/1235\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:50:13Z","timestamp":1760125813000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/12\/6\/1235"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox12061235"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox12061235","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]]}}}