{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T23:47:39Z","timestamp":1785887259386,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Discovery Eye Foundation","award":["AG006168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG006168"]}]},{"name":"Discovery Eye Foundation","award":["R01 EY027363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EY027363"]}]},{"name":"Polly and Michael Smith, Iris, and the B. Gerald Cantor Foundation","award":["AG006168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG006168"]}]},{"name":"Polly and Michael Smith, Iris, and the B. 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Cybrids were treated with PU-91 (P) (200 \u00b5M) alone, quercetin (Q) (20 \u00b5M) alone, or a combination of PU-91 and quercetin (P+Q) for 48 h. Cellular metabolism and the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by MTT and H2DCFDA assays, respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to measure the expression levels of genes associated with mitochondrial biogenesis, antioxidant enzymes, inflammation, apoptosis, and senescence pathways. PU-91(P) (i) improves cellular metabolism in AMD cybrids, (ii) decreases ROS production in AMD cybrids, and (iii) downregulates the expression of LMNB1 in AMD cybrids. Combination treatment of PU-91 plus quercetin (P+Q) (i) improves cellular metabolism in AMD, (ii) induces higher expression levels of TFAM, SOD2, IL6, and BAX in AMD cybrids, and (iii) upregulates CDKN1A genes expression in all disease cybrids. Our study demonstrated that the P+Q combination improves cellular metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis in AMD cybrids, but senescence is greatly exacerbated in all cybrids regardless of disease type by the P+Q combined treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12071326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T01:54:56Z","timestamp":1687485296000},"page":"1326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Potential Therapeutic Functions of PU-91 and Quercetin in Personalized Cybrids Derived from Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Keratoconus, and Glaucoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Nasim","family":"Salimiaghdam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Director of Mitochondria Research Laboratory, University of California Irvine, 843 Health Science Rd., Hewitt Hall, Room 2028 Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lata","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Director of Mitochondria Research Laboratory, University of California Irvine, 843 Health Science Rd., Hewitt Hall, Room 2028 Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1812-9860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mithalesh","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Director of Mitochondria Research Laboratory, University of California Irvine, 843 Health Science Rd., Hewitt Hall, Room 2028 Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilyn","family":"Chwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Director of Mitochondria Research Laboratory, University of California Irvine, 843 Health Science Rd., Hewitt Hall, Room 2028 Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7729-7864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shari","family":"Atilano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Director of Mitochondria Research Laboratory, University of California Irvine, 843 Health Science Rd., Hewitt Hall, Room 2028 Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3718-7302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra","family":"Mohtashami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Director of Mitochondria Research Laboratory, University of California Irvine, 843 Health Science Rd., Hewitt Hall, Room 2028 Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Nesburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Director of Mitochondria Research Laboratory, University of California Irvine, 843 Health Science Rd., Hewitt Hall, Room 2028 Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"},{"name":"Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baruch","family":"Kuppermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Director of Mitochondria Research Laboratory, University of California Irvine, 843 Health Science Rd., Hewitt Hall, Room 2028 Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Kenney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Director of Mitochondria Research Laboratory, University of California Irvine, 843 Health Science Rd., Hewitt Hall, Room 2028 Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(02)02193-X","article-title":"Mitochondria as we don\u2019t know them","volume":"27","author":"Tielens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. 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