{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T02:27:41Z","timestamp":1787884061049,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,2]],"date-time":"2023-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Auro Pharmaceuticals Inc."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glutathione (GSH) is an important intracellular antioxidant responsible for neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our laboratory previously demonstrated that the oral administration of liposomal GSH improves immune function against mycobacterium infections in healthy patients along with patients with HIV and Type 2 diabetes. We aim to determine if the topical application of a glutathione\u2013cyclodextrin nanoparticle complex (GSH-CD) confers a therapeutic effect against mycobacterium infections. In our study, healthy participants received either topical GSH-CD (n = 15) or placebo (n = 15) treatment. Subjects were sprayed four times twice a day for three days topically on the abdomen. Blood draws were collected prior to application, and at 1, 4, and 72 h post-initial topical application. GSH, malondialdehyde (MDA), and cytokine levels were assessed in the processed blood samples of study participants. Additionally, whole blood cultures from study participants were challenged with Mycobacterium avium\u00a0(M. avium) infection in vitro to assess mycobacterium survival post-treatment. Topical GSH-CD treatment was observed to elevate GSH levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and red blood cells and decrease MDA levels in PBMCs 72 h post-treatment. An increase in plasma IL-2, IFN-\u03b3, IL-12p70, and TNF-\u03b1 was observed at 72 h post-topical GSH-CD treatment. Enhanced mycobacterium clearance was observed at 4 h and 72 h post-topical GSH-CD treatment. Overall, topical GSH-CD treatment was associated with improved immune function against M. avium infection. The findings of this pilot study suggest GSH\u2013cyclodextrin complex formulation can be used topically as a safe alternative mode of GSH delivery in the peripheral blood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12071375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:34:08Z","timestamp":1688344448000},"page":"1375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Topical Absorption of Glutathione\u2013Cyclodextrin Nanoparticle Complex in Healthy Human Subjects Improves Immune Response against Mycobacterium avium Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4299-3621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kayvan","family":"Sasaninia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Kelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arbi","family":"Abnousian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Badaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Logan","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3617-7938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nisar","family":"Sheren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Owens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shlok","family":"Rajurkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brianna","family":"Razo-Botello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Natural and Agricultural Science, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham","family":"Chorbajian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonyeol","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanya","family":"Dhama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keck Science Department, Pitzer College, Claremont, CA 91711, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edith","family":"Avitia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WesternU Center for Clinical Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesar","family":"Ochoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WesternU Center for Clinical Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ray","family":"Yutani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2586-1160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vishwanath","family":"Venketaraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(99)00176-8","article-title":"Biologic and pharmacologic regulation of mammalian glutathione synthesis","volume":"27","author":"Griffith","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. 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