{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:17:52Z","timestamp":1791919072607,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":194,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n, Spain (MICINN)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2021-124983OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-124983OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quinones can in principle be viewed as a double-edged sword in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, since they are often cytoprotective but can also be cytotoxic due to covalent and redox modification of biomolecules. Nevertheless, low doses of moderately electrophilic quinones are generally cytoprotective, mainly due to their ability to activate the Keap1\/Nrf2 pathway and thus induce the expression of detoxifying enzymes. Some natural quinones have relevant roles in important physiological processes. One of them is coenzyme Q10, which takes part in the oxidative phosphorylation processes involved in cell energy production, as a proton and electron carrier in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and shows neuroprotective effects relevant to Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s diseases. Additional neuroprotective quinones that can be regarded as coenzyme Q10 analogues are idobenone, mitoquinone and plastoquinone. Other endogenous quinones with neuroprotective activities include tocopherol-derived quinones, most notably vatiquinone, and vitamin K. A final group of non-endogenous quinones with neuroprotective activity is discussed, comprising embelin, APX-3330, cannabinoid-derived quinones, asterriquinones and other indolylquinones, pyrroloquinolinequinone and its analogues, geldanamycin and its analogues, rifampicin quinone, memoquin and a number of hybrid structures combining quinones with amino acids, cholinesterase inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12071464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T01:52:35Z","timestamp":1689904355000},"page":"1464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Quinones as Neuroprotective Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1729-9945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Cores","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e1nica y Farmac\u00e9utica, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica en Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ram\u00f3n y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noelia","family":"Carmona-Zafra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e1nica y Farmac\u00e9utica, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica en Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ram\u00f3n y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Clerigu\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e1nica y Farmac\u00e9utica, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica en Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ram\u00f3n y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3022-0747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mercedes","family":"Villacampa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e1nica y Farmac\u00e9utica, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica en Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ram\u00f3n y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0560-8416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Carlos","family":"Men\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e1nica y Farmac\u00e9utica, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica en Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ram\u00f3n y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a033118","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a033118","article-title":"Clinical neurology and epidemiology of the major neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"10","author":"Erkkinen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"e12330","article-title":"Challenges and progress in research, diagnostics, and therapeutics in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias","volume":"8","author":"Dokholyan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. 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