{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T14:39:38Z","timestamp":1783953578775,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004515","name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DIP-2022-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DIP-2022-011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a significant public health issue owing to its high incidence and consequences, and its global prevalence is presently 30% and rising, necessitating immediate action. Given the current controversies related to NAFLD, the search for novel therapeutic interventions continues. Astaxanthin is a carotenoid that primarily originates from marine organisms. It is the best antioxidant among carotenoids and one of the most significant components in treating NAFLD. The use of astaxanthin, a xanthophyll carotenoid, as a dietary supplement to treat chronic metabolic diseases is becoming more evident. According to growing data, astaxanthin may be able to prevent or even reverse NAFLD by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, and fibrosis. Astaxanthin might become a viable therapeutic or treatment option for NAFLD in the upcoming years. Elucidating the impact and mechanism of astaxanthin on NAFLD would not only establish a scientific basis for its clinical application, but also potentially enhance the precision of experimental methodology for future investigations targeting NAFLD treatment. This review explores the potential preventive and therapeutic effects of astaxanthin on liver disorders, especially NAFLD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12081552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T11:08:43Z","timestamp":1691060923000},"page":"1552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Preventative and Therapeutic Effects of Astaxanthin on NAFLD"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1366-6429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nor Hafiza","family":"Sayuti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5309-5301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khairul Najmi","family":"Muhammad Nawawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"},{"name":"GUT Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1757-3780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo Aan","family":"Goon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4863-100X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norfilza Mohd","family":"Mokhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GUT Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5239-6196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzana","family":"Makpol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0824-0581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jen Kit","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, X., Guo, X., Liu, Z., and Wang, J. 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