{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T16:05:35Z","timestamp":1782489935410,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","award":["CMRPG8N0171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG8N0171"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","award":["CMRPG8M0722"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG8M0722"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous signaling molecule with renoprotective properties. NO can be produced in NO synthase (NOS)-dependent or -independent manners. NO deficiency plays a decisive role in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Kidney development can be affected in response to adverse intrauterine conditions that induce renal programming, thereby raising the risk of developing CKD in adulthood. Conversely, detrimental programming processes could be postponed or halted prior to the onset of CKD by early treatments, namely reprogramming. The current review provides an overview of the NOS\/NO research performed in the context of renal programming and reprogramming. NO deficiency has been increasingly found to interact with the different mechanisms behind renal programming, such as oxidative stress, aberrant function of the renin\u2013angiotensin system, disturbed nutrient-sensing mechanisms, dysregulated hydrogen sulfide signaling, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. The supplementation of NOS substrates, the inhibition of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), the administration of NO donors, and the enhancement of NOS during gestation and lactation have shown beneficial effects against renal programming in preclinical studies. Although human data on maternal NO deficiency and offspring kidney disease are scarce, experimental data indicate that targeting NO could be a promising reprogramming strategy in the setting of renal programming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12081629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T10:15:48Z","timestamp":1692267348000},"page":"1629","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The NOS\/NO System in Renal Programming and Reprogramming"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7059-6407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"You-Lin","family":"Tain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7470-528X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-Ning","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0","article-title":"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Lozano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60311-6","article-title":"Effect of fetal and child health on kidney development and long-term risk of hypertension and kidney disease","volume":"382","author":"Luyckx","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tain, Y.L., and Hsu, C.N. 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