{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T22:42:45Z","timestamp":1790203365931,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Lodz","award":["503\/1-168-01\/503-11-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/1-168-01\/503-11-001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The thyroid gland is the primary site of sodium\/iodide symporter (NIS), an intrinsic plasma membrane protein responsible for the active uptake of iodine, which is indispensable for thyroid hormone synthesis. Since exposure of the thyroid to NIS inhibitors can potentially have harmful effects on the entire organism, it is important to investigate the potential protective effects of known antioxidants, such as melatonin and indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), against pro-oxidative action of classic NIS inhibitors. The study aimed to check if and to what extent melatonin and IPA interact with some confirmed NIS inhibitors regarding their effects on oxidative damage to membrane lipids in the thyroid. For comparison with the thyroid gland, in which NIS is typically present, the liver tissue\u2014not possessing NIS\u2014was applied in the present study. Thyroid and liver homogenates were incubated in the presence of tested NIS inhibitors (i.e., NaClO3, NH4SCN, KSeCN, KNO3, NaF, KClO4, and BPA) in different ranges of concentrations with\/without melatonin (5 mM) or IPA (5 mM). The malondialdehyde+4-hydroxyalkenals (MDA + 4-HDA) concentration (LPO index) was measured spectrophotometrically. NaClO3 increased LPO in the thyroid and in the liver, but these pro-oxidative effects were not prevented by either melatonin or IPA. Instead, pro-oxidative effects of NH4SCN observed in both tissues were prevented by both indole substances. KSeCN and NaF increased LPO only in the thyroid, and these pro-oxidative effects were prevented by melatonin and IPA. KNO3, KClO4, and BPA did not increase LPO, which can be due to their low concentrations resulting from restricted solubility. In conclusion, as melatonin prevented oxidative damage to membrane lipids in the thyroid caused by some sodium\/iodide symporter inhibitors, this indoleamine shoud be considered as a potential protective agent when produced appropriately in living organisms but also as an exogenous substance recommended to individuals overexposed to NIS inhibitors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12091688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T09:48:15Z","timestamp":1693388895000},"page":"1688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Exogenous Melatonin Protects against Oxidative Damage to Membrane Lipids Caused by Some Sodium\/Iodide Symporter Inhibitors in the Thyroid"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Aleksandra K.","family":"G\u0142adysz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 7\/9 Zeligowski St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7547-6228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"St\u0119pniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 7\/9 Zeligowski St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3045-5669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Karbownik-Lewi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 7\/9 Zeligowski St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Polish Mother\u2019s Memorial Hospital\u2014Research Institute, 281\/289 Rzgowska St., 93-338 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorrenti, S., Baldini, E., Pironi, D., Lauro, A., D\u2019Orazi, V., Tartaglia, F., Tripodi, D., Lori, E., Gagliardi, F., and Pratic\u00f2, M. (2021). Iodine: Its Role in Thyroid Hormone Biosynthesis and Beyond. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124469"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T141","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-21-0217","article-title":"The complex regulation of NIS expression and activity in thyroid and extrathyroidal tissues","volume":"28","author":"Santisteban","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr.-Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995503","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.995503","article-title":"Perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate: Environmental relevant NIS-inhibitors pollutants and their impact on thyroid function and human health","volume":"13","author":"Nunes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-022-03107-7","article-title":"Iodine as a potential endocrine disruptor\u2014A role of oxidative stress","volume":"78","author":"Iwan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"USEPA (2008). Inorganic Chlorates Facts, EPA 738-F-08-001."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"859","article-title":"Nitrate: Nutrient and signal for plant growth","volume":"7","author":"Crawford","year":"1995","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000090","article-title":"Environmental perchlorate exposure: Potential adverse thyroid effects","volume":"21","author":"Leung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230500449832","article-title":"A Mixture of ammonium perchlorate and sodium chlorate enhances alterations of the pitutary-thyroid axis caused by the individual chemicals in adult male F344 rats","volume":"33","author":"Khan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.02.001","article-title":"Toxic effects of fluoride on organisms","volume":"198","author":"Zuo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129195","article-title":"Chlorine dioxide-based oxidation processes for water purification: A review","volume":"436","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3897","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-09579-2","article-title":"Removal of fluoride from water by using a coagulant (inorganic polymeric coagulant)","volume":"28","author":"Solanki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4098","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-4997","article-title":"Invited review: Efficacy, metabolism, and toxic responses to chlorate salts in food and laboratory animals1","volume":"90","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/10408444.2019.1621263","article-title":"Bisphenol A co-exposure effects: A key factor in understanding BPA\u2019s complex mechanism and health outcomes","volume":"49","author":"Sonavane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-021-03121-5","article-title":"Cytoprotective effect of taurine against sodium chlorate-induced oxidative damage in human red blood cells: An ex vivo study","volume":"54","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.03.018","article-title":"Sodium chlorate induces DNA damage and DNA-protein cross-linking in rat intestine: A dose dependent study","volume":"177","author":"Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s13530-020-00070-6","article-title":"Fluoride-induced hepatotoxicity is prevented by L-Arginine supplementation via suppression of oxidative stress and stimulation of nitric oxide production in rats","volume":"13","author":"Akinrinde","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicol. Environ. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-013-9889-y","article-title":"Association between bisphenol A and abnormal free thyroxine level in men","volume":"44","author":"Sriphrapradang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-18-0348","article-title":"Bisphenol A increases hydrogen peroxide generation by thyrocytes both in vivo and in vitro","volume":"7","author":"Xavier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112463","article-title":"Effects of bamboo shoots (Bambusa balcooa) on thyroid hormone synthesizing regulatory elements at cellular and molecular levels in thyrocytes","volume":"250","author":"Sarkar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327120958037","article-title":"Possible mechanism of bamboo shoots (Bambusa balcooa) induced thyroid disruption\u2014An in vitro study","volume":"40","author":"Sarkar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-019-0525-z","article-title":"Impact of high drinking water nitrate levels on the endogenous formation of apparent N-nitroso compounds in combination with meat intake in healthy volunteers","volume":"18","author":"Mathijs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-6614-5-25","article-title":"Oxidative damage to macromolecules in the thyroid\u2014Experimental evidence","volume":"5","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thyroid. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.01.038","article-title":"Thyroid hormone biosynthesis and release","volume":"458","author":"Carvalho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3275","article-title":"Selenium in human health and disease","volume":"14","author":"Bao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23448","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms151223448","article-title":"Protecting the melatonin rhythm through circadian healthy light exposure","volume":"15","author":"Reiter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"373","article-title":"The universal nature, unequal distribution and antioxidant functions of melatonin and its derivatives","volume":"13","author":"Reiter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mini-Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(01)00059-0","article-title":"Anticarcinogenic actions of melatonin which involve antioxidative processes: Comparison with other antioxidants","volume":"33","author":"Karbownik","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12360","article-title":"Melatonin as an antioxidant: Under promises but over delivers","volume":"61","author":"Reiter","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.10689","article-title":"Melatonin reduces fenton reaction-induced lipid peroxidation in porcine thyroid tissue","volume":"90","author":"Karbownik","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.20404","article-title":"Comparison of potential protective effects of melatonin, indole-3-propionic acid, and propylthiouracil against lipid peroxidation caused by potassium bromate in the thyroid gland","volume":"95","author":"Karbownik","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.1321","article-title":"Protective effects of melatonin and indole-3-propionic acid against lipid peroxidation, caused by potassium bromate in the rat kidney","volume":"24","author":"Karbownik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linowiecka, K., Slominski, A.T., Reiter, R.J., B\u00f6hm, M., Steinbrink, K., Paus, R., and Kleszczy\u0144ski, K. (2023). Melatonin: A Potential Regulator of DNA Methylation. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12061155"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos, E., Gil-Mart\u00edn, E., R\u00edos, C.D.L., Egea, J., L\u00f3pez-Mu\u00f1oz, F., Pita, R., Juber\u00edas, A., Torrado, J.J., Serrano, D.R., and Reiter, R.J. (2023). Melatonin as Modulator for Sulfur and Nitrogen Mustard-Induced Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage: Molecular Therapeutics. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020397"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reiter, R.J., Sharma, R., Romero, A., Manucha, W., Tan, D.-X., Zuccari, D.A.P.d.C., and Chuffa, L.G.d.A. (2023). Aging-Related Ovarian Failure and Infertility: Melatonin to the Rescue. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030695"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konopelski, P., and Mogilnicka, I. (2022). Biological Effects of Indole-3-Propionic Acid, a Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolite, and Its Precursor Tryptophan in Mammals\u2019 Health and Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031222"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000628","article-title":"Melatonin reduces high levels of lipid peroxidation induced by potassium iodate in porcine thyroid","volume":"91","author":"Iwan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwan, P., Stepniak, J., and Karbownik-Lewinska, M. (2021). Cumulative Protective Effect of Melatonin and Indole-3-Propionic Acid against KIO3\u2014Induced Lipid Peroxidation in Porcine Thyroid. Toxics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9050089"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwan, P., Stepniak, J., and Karbownik-Lewinska, M. (2021). Pro-Oxidative Effect of KIO3 and Protective Effect of Melatonin in the Thyroid\u2014Comparison to Other Tissues. Life, 11, Erratum in Life2022, 12, 1007.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12071007"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2019.1643878","article-title":"Oxidative damage to membrane lipids in the thyroid\u2014No differences between sexes","volume":"44","author":"Stepniak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferlazzo, N., Andolina, G., Cannata, A., Costanzo, M.G., Rizzo, V., Curr\u00f2, M., Ientile, R., and Caccamo, D. (2020). Is Melatonin the Cornucopia of the 21st Century?. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9111088"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27230","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.43.27230","article-title":"Thyroid Na+\/I\u2212 Symporter. Mechanism, stoichiometry, and specificity","volume":"272","author":"Eskandari","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20250","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707207104","article-title":"The Na+\/I\u2212 symporter (NIS) mediates electroneutral active transport of the environmental pollutant perchlorate","volume":"104","author":"Portulano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5794054","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5794054","article-title":"Nonthionamide Drugs for the Treatment of Hyperthyroidism: From Present to Future","volume":"2018","author":"Suwansaksri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1410443","article-title":"Sodium\/iodide symporter: A key transport system in thyroid cancer cell metabolism","volume":"141","author":"Filetti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2001-0029","article-title":"The sodium\/iodide symporter (NIS): Characterization, regulation, and medical significance","volume":"24","author":"Paroder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2007.01.003","article-title":"Evaluation of effects of prenatal exposure to the cyanide and thiocyanate in wistar rats","volume":"23","author":"Desousa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11089","article-title":"Developmental Exposure to Perchlorate Alters Synaptic Transmission in Hippocampus of the Adult Rat","volume":"116","author":"Gilbert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112635","article-title":"Agricultural groundwater with high nitrates and dissolved salts given to pregnant mice alters brain development in the offspring","volume":"224","author":"Schwendimann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.521","article-title":"Chronic perchlorate exposure causes morphological abnormalities in developing stickleback","volume":"30","author":"Bernhardt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2021.11.003","article-title":"New insights on the effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on children","volume":"98","author":"Predieri","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2609","article-title":"Preliminary study of the ameliorative effects of melatonin on cadmium-induced morphological and biochemical alterations in the rat Harderian gland","volume":"337","author":"Romano","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zo\u00f6l. Part A Ecol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010903130693","article-title":"Induction of lipid peroxidation in hamster organs by the carcinogen cadmium: Amelioration by melatonin","volume":"17","author":"Karbownik","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5653\/cerm.2022.05568","article-title":"Mitochondrial oxidative damage by co-exposure to bisphenol A and acetaminophen in rat testes and its amelioration by melatonin","volume":"50","author":"Rashid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26087","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161125942","article-title":"The Role of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Liver Diseases","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3109\/19396368.2015.1101510","article-title":"17\u03b2-estradiol prevents experimentally-induced oxidative damage to membrane lipids and nuclear DNA in porcine ovary","volume":"62","author":"Stepniak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stepniak, J., Lewinski, A., and Karbownik-Lewinska, M. (2018). Sexual Dimorphism of NADPH Oxidase\/H2O2 System in Rat Thyroid Cells; Effect of Exogenous 17\u03b2-Estradiol. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19124063"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rynkowska, A., St\u0119pniak, J., and Karbownik-Lewi\u0144ska, M. (2020). Fenton Reaction-Induced Oxidative Damage to Membrane Lipids and Protective Effects of 17\u03b2-Estradiol in Porcine Ovary and Thyroid Homogenates. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186841"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Wang, X., He, Y., Jia, L., Yang, C.S., Reiter, R.J., and Zhang, J. (2019). Antioxidant and Pro-Oxidant Activities of Melatonin in the Presence of Copper and Polyphenols In Vitro and In Vivo. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8080903"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12162","article-title":"Melatonin: A well-documented antioxidant with conditional pro-oxidant actions","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Florido, J., Rodriguez-Santana, C., Martinez-Ruiz, L., L\u00f3pez-Rodr\u00edguez, A., Acu\u00f1a-Castroviejo, D., Rusanova, I., and Escames, G. (2022). Understanding the Mechanism of Action of Melatonin, Which Induces ROS Production in Cancer Cells. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11081621"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-6614-6-10","article-title":"Potassium iodide, but not potassium iodate, as a potential protective agent against oxidative damage to membrane lipids in porcine thyroid","volume":"6","author":"Milczarek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thyroid. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.5604\/12321966.1235174","article-title":"Melatonin reverses the enhanced oxidative damage to membrane lipids and improves skin biophysical characteristics in former-smokers\u2014A study in postmenopausal women","volume":"24","author":"Sagan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waugh, D.T. (2019). Fluoride Exposure Induces Inhibition of Sodium\/Iodide Symporter (NIS) Contributing to Impaired Iodine Absorption and Iodine Deficiency: Molecular Mechanisms of Inhibition and Implications for Public Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16061086"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anastassova, N., Stefanova, D., Hristova-Avakumova, N., Georgieva, I., Kondeva-Burdina, M., Rangelov, M., Todorova, N., Tzoneva, R., and Yancheva, D. (2023). New Indole-3-Propionic Acid and 5-Methoxy-Indole Carboxylic Acid Derived Hydrazone Hybrids as Multifunctional Neuroprotectors. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12040977"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"89","article-title":"Perchlorate and the thyroid gland","volume":"50","author":"Wolff","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2013.251","article-title":"Consequences of excess iodine","volume":"10","author":"Leung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1371","article-title":"Excess iodide induces an acute inhibition of the sodium\/iodide symporter in thyroid male rat cells by increasing reactive oxygen species","volume":"156","author":"Arriagada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2015.08.001","article-title":"Effect of Light and Melatonin and Other Melatonin Receptor Agonists on Human Circadian Physiology","volume":"10","author":"Emens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1023\/B:MCBI.0000049363.97713.74","article-title":"Effect of orally administered l-tryptophan on serotonin, melatonin, and the innate immune response in the rat","volume":"267","author":"Esteban","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, X., Li, Y., Li, S., Zhou, Y., Gan, R.-Y., Xu, D.-P., and Li, H.-B. (2017). Dietary Sources and Bioactivities of Melatonin. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9040367"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersen, L.P.H., Werner, M.U., Rosenkilde, M.M., Harps\u00f8e, N.G., Fuglsang, H., Rosenberg, J., and G\u00f6genur, I. (2016). Pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous melatonin in healthy volunteers. BMC Pharmacol. Toxicol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-016-0052-2"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2006.00407.x","article-title":"One molecule, many derivatives: A never-ending interaction of melatonin with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species?","volume":"42","author":"Tan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/12\/9\/1688\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:42:13Z","timestamp":1760128933000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/12\/9\/1688"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox12091688"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox12091688","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]}}}