{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T15:50:05Z","timestamp":1792684205816,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003653","name":"Korea National Institute of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021-ER1208-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-ER1208-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003653","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003653","name":"Korea National Institute of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS 2022 00155966"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS 2022 00155966"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003653","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003653","name":"Korea National Institute of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-5199990614253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-5199990614253"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003653","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003662","name":"the Institute of Information Communications Technology Planning Evaluation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021-ER1208-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-ER1208-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003662","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003662","name":"the Institute of Information Communications Technology Planning Evaluation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS 2022 00155966"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS 2022 00155966"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003662","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003662","name":"the Institute of Information Communications Technology Planning Evaluation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-5199990614253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-5199990614253"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003662","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003662","name":"Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021-ER1208-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-ER1208-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003662","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003662","name":"Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RS 2022 00155966"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS 2022 00155966"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003662","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003662","name":"Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NRF-5199990614253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-5199990614253"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003662","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021-ER1208-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-ER1208-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS 2022 00155966"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS 2022 00155966"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-5199990614253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-5199990614253"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) levels are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. In this retrospective cohort study, we examined whether the concentration of indoor PM2.5 affected pregnancy outcomes. Additionally, we evaluated biomarkers of pregnancy-related complications caused by fine dust. We collected clinical information and data based on residential addresses from the Air Korea database to assess PM2.5 exposure levels. As a multicenter prospective cohort study, we measured the indoor PM2.5 concentration and inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. The PM2.5 concentration of the low-birth-weight (LBW) delivery group was 27.21 \u03bcg\/m3, which was significantly higher than that of the normal-birth-weight (NBW) group (26.23 \u03bcg\/m3) (p = 0.02). When the newborns were divided by sex, the PM2.5 concentration of the LBW group was 27.89 \u03bcg\/m3 in male infants, which was significantly higher than that of the NBW group (26.26 \u03bcg\/m3) (p = 0.01). In the prospective study, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine significantly increased in the high-concentration group (113.55 ng\/mL, compared with 92.20 ng\/mL in the low-concentration group); in the high-concentration group, the rates of preterm birth (PTB) and small size for gestational age significantly increased (p &lt; 0.01, p = 0.01). This study showed an association between PM2.5, oxidative stress, and fetal growth, with the PTB group being more vulnerable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12111916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T03:33:51Z","timestamp":1698377631000},"page":"1916","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Effect of Particulate Matter 2.5 on Fetal Growth in Male and Preterm Infants through Oxidative Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8142-7783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunwha","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunjin","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Respiratory Disease Research, Department of Chronic Disease Convergence Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si 28159, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gain","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Ah","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6541-8385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Min","family":"Hur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sooyoung","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongho","family":"Jee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Biomedical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 07804, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi Hye","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 07804, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Hun","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24289, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Han","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geum Joon","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Gon","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo-Jeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Ulsan University, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun Hwa","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seegene Medical Foundation, Seoul 04805, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3153-3008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Ju","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S., Moon, J., Kang, N., Kim, Y.H., You, Y.A., Kwon, E., Ansari, A., Hur, Y.M., Park, T., and Kim, Y.J. 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