{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T23:38:02Z","timestamp":1788219482273,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science &amp; Technology Development","award":["RS-2021-RD009724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2021-RD009724"]}]},{"name":"Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science &amp; Technology Development","award":["2021R1A2C2094436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A2C2094436"]}]},{"name":"Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science &amp; Technology Development","award":["FG0403-2023-01-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FG0403-2023-01-2023"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2021-RD009724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2021-RD009724"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1A2C2094436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A2C2094436"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FG0403-2023-01-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FG0403-2023-01-2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Forest Science","award":["RS-2021-RD009724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2021-RD009724"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Forest Science","award":["2021R1A2C2094436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A2C2094436"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Forest Science","award":["FG0403-2023-01-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FG0403-2023-01-2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is double-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the Orthoherpesviridae family. It causes serious neurological diseases of the central nervous system, such as encephalitis. The current U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs for preventing HSV-1 infection include acyclovir (ACV) and valacyclovir; however, their long-term use causes severe side effects and often results in the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Therefore, it is important to discover new antiviral agents that are safe and effective against HSV-1 infection. Korean chestnut honey (KCH) has various pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammation effects; however, antiviral effects against HSV-1 have not yet been reported. Therefore, we determined the antiviral activity and mechanism of action of KCH after HSV-1 infection on the cellular level. KCH inhibited the HSV-1 infection of host cells through binding and virucidal steps. KCH decreased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium (Ca2+) following HSV-1 infection and suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-\u043aB) activity. Furthermore, we found that KCH inhibited the expression of the nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome during HSV-1 infection. Taken together, the antiviral effects of KCH occur through multiple targets, including the inhibition of viral replication and the ROS-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Our findings suggest that KCH has potential for the treatment of HSV-1 infection and related diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12111935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T12:50:42Z","timestamp":1698670242000},"page":"1935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Korean Chestnut Honey Suppresses HSV-1 Infection by Regulating the ROS\u2013NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Eun-Bin","family":"Kwon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0605-1231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Buyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0545-8534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Se-Gun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung-Joon","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Forest Resources Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2873-399X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Younghoon","family":"Go","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong Min","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6840-4509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Mi","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0934-7521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jang-Gi","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27856","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000027856","article-title":"Herpes simplex viruses (1 and 2) and varicella-zoster virus infections in an adult population with aseptic meningitis or encephalitis: A nine-year retrospective clinical study","volume":"100","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1704","article-title":"Herpes Simplex Virus Infections of the Central Nervous System","volume":"21","author":"Whitley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Continuum"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.19.237149","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus: Global infection prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016","volume":"98","author":"James","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. 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